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I.InstrumentsA.Abriefintroduction1.Whatsinstruments?①abroadsense:acommercialdocumentoftitle;②anarrowsense:aspecific,negotiablesecurityforthepurposeofpayingmoneysignedbythedraweronitwhichisunconditionallyagreedtopayasumincertainbythehimselforbyanother.E.g.ifagreedtopaybythemaker,itispromissorynote;ifagreedtopaybyanother,itmaybeadraftoracheque.2.Theroleofinstruments(1)functionofsettlement;(2)functionofcreditguarantee;(3)negotiability(4)functionofpayingoffdebts3.Kindsofinstruments:financial(cheque,notes,drafts)/commercialinstruments(B/L,invoice,certificateoforigin,packinglist,etc.)B.MainnotesusedininternationalsettlementP1——81.ChequeP1—4(1)Definition:anunconditionalorderinwritingdrawnonabankbythedrawer,requiringthebanktopayasumcertaininmoneytoortotheorderofanamedpersonortothebearer.(2)Clearingcheques(Procedureofclearingachequeshownasfollows)DrawerDrawingachequetothepayee→Payee∣∣∣∣ChequeACMandatePresentingthecheque↓↓PayingBank←CreditAdviceCollectingBankPaymenttoCollectingBank→A.thecollectingbankItsresponsibilityofscrutinizingachequei.Date:①outofdate②post-dated③undatedii.Payeeiii.Words&figuresiv.Signaturev.Crossingsvi.Endorsements:①howtoendorseacheque②kindsofendorsements(i)Blankendorsements(ii)Specificendorsements(iii)RestrictiveendorsementsB.thepayingbankItsobligations:i.Legalobligationstohonordishonorachequeii.Identifyingthepayingbank&timelimitsfordishonoringchequesii.Scrutinizingthecheque&theACmandateC.ThepayeeD.CrossingsKindsofcrossings:①general;②special(addnameofabank)2.DraftP5—6(1)Definition:anunconditionalorderinwritingpreparedordrawnbyoneperson(drawer)andaddressedtoanother(drawee),requiringordirectingthedraweetopayaspecificsumofmoneytoortotheorderofathirdperson(thepayee),tothebearer,ondemandoratafixedordeterminablefuturetime.(Referto①P15:billofexchange;②P121:Defwithaspecimen)(2)KindsA.Whetheraccompanyingdocsornot:Clean/DocumentarydraftsP5B.Maturity:Sight(demand)drafts/tenor(time,usance)draftsP5C.Source:Commercial/BankdraftsP6(3)WithorWithoutrecourseP5(4)BankDrafts——achequedrawnbyonebankonanother(5)Endorsementsofadraft(RefertoP2—3thatofacheque)3.PromissorynoteP7(1)Definition:anunconditionalpromiseinwritingmadebyonepersontoanothersignedbythemaker,engagingtopay,ondemandoratafixedordeterminablefuturetime,asumcertaininmoney,toortotheorderofaspecifiedpersonortothebearer.(2)Differencesbetweenapromissorynoteandadraftoracheque4.TravelerschequeP7Non-tradesettlementitem;Differencebetweentraveler‘scheque&L/C?●?CreditcardsP7—8(1)Non-tradesettlementitem;(2)Kinds:①Creditcard/Debitcard;②Bankingcard/non-bankingcard;(3)fivebiggestCosintheworld:①VISAInternational②MasterCardInternational;③AmericanExpressCompany;④JCBCreditCardCompany⑤DinersClubInternational.II.Remittance1.Abriefintroduction:(1)ameansofsettlement(2)Kinds:①instrumentsofremittingM/T;T/T;D/D;②inward/outward2.Mailtransfer&TelegraphictransferP8—9(1)Book-keepingfortransfersoffundsUKCustomer:outwardremittanceinGBP——howtorecord?CustomerACVostroACDr.GBPxxxx││Cr.GBPxxxxUKCustomer:outwardremittanceinforCurrency——howtorecord?CustomerACNostroACDr.GBPxxxx││Cr.ForCurrencyxxxxIII.MeansofpaymentP9——151.CashinadvanceP9——102.OpenaccountP103.CollectionP10——124.DocumentarycreditP12——15IV.CollectionP15——301.OutwardDocumentaryCollectionP15——252.InwardDocumentaryCollectionP25——30V.DocumentaryletterofcreditP30——58(I).ConceptsoftheDocumentaryCreditP30——351.AnoverviewP302.StagesofaDocumentaryCreditP30——313.ReviewoftheDocumentaryCreditapplication&SecurityAgreementbytheIssuingBankP31——334.UtilizationoftheDocumentaryCreditP335.CommonSenseRulesfortheBeneficiaryP33——346.HonoringtheObligationundertheDocumentaryCreditP34——35(II).Types&UsesoftheDocumentaryCreditsP35——581.TypesP35——36(1)IrrevocableDocumentaryCreditP35(2)RevocableDocumentaryCreditP35——362.UsesP36——58(1)IrrevocableStraightDocumentaryCreditP36(SpecimenRefertoP37)(2)IrrevocableNegotiationDocumentaryCreditP36——39(3)IrrevocableDocumentaryCredit(Unconfirmed)P39(SpecimenRefertoP40-41)(4)IrrevocableconfirmedDocumentaryCreditP39——42(SpecimenRefertoP43-44)(5)RevolvingDocumentaryCreditP42——45(6)RedClauseDocumentaryCreditP45(7)StandbyCreditsP45——46(8)TransferableDocumentaryCreditP47——54(9)AssignmentofproceedsP55——56(10)Back-to-backDocumentaryCreditP57——58VI.Bonds,Stand-byletterofcredit&Counter-tradeP58——72(I)BondsP58——62(SpecimenRefertoP66-72)1.TheRoleofbondsininternationaltradeP582.TypesofbondP58——593.Ondemandbonds&conditionalbondsP59——604.TheprocedureforissuingbondsP605.TheprocedurewhichbondscauseforexportersP60——616.Howcananexporterovercomeorreducetheproblemsofbonds?P61——627.OtherprecautionsanexportercantakerequiringtoprovidebondsP62(II)Counter-tradeP63——651.Whatiscounter-trade?P632.Formsofcounter-tradeP63(1)counter-purchase(linkpurchase)P63(2)BarterP63(3)CompensationorbuybackdealsP63(4)BarterbymeansoftrustaccountsP63——64(5)OffsetP64(6)EvidenceaccountsP643.Pitfallsofcounter-tradefortheexporterP644.Sourcesofhelpforthecounter-tradeexporterP65(1)BanksP65(2)ECGDP65(3)TheProjects&ExportPolicyDivisionoftheDTIP65VII.CommercialdocumentsP73——841.