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堵车不关窗等于慢性自杀TheaverageAmericancommuterspent50hoursintrafficlastyear.去年，美国通勤者平均花费在交通堵塞上的时间为50个小时。Asanation,wespenteightbillionhourssittinginourcars,waitingforlightstochange,forthedriveraheadtosneakintothatparkingspot,foranaccidenttobecleared.从国家角度来看，我们共花费了80亿个小时坐在车中，等待路灯变化，等待前车司机驶入停车位，等待交通事故被处理好。That'snotmuchmoretimethanmanyEuropeansspendincars.这并不比很多欧洲人等在车里的时间多出多少。AccordingtoInrix,aroadwayandtrafficanalyticscompany,driversandpassengersinBelgiumspent44hoursintrafficlastyear;inGermany,39hours.据道路交通分析公司Inrix表示，比利时的司机和乘客去年遇上交通堵塞的时间为44小时，德国人为39小时。Whereverithappens,newresearchsuggeststhatallthatsittingandwaitingisexposingustomorepollutantsthanwe'dtakeinifwerewecruisingalong.新的研究显示，无论在什么地方，与一路畅通无阻吸入的污染物相比，坐在车里等待会让我们暴露在更多的污染物之中。研究显示堵车不关窗等于慢性自杀!ResearchersattheUniversityofSurreyinEnglandtooktothestreetsofGuildford,atypicalEnglishtown,tolookattheeffectsoftrafficonconcentrationsofpollutingparticles.英国萨里大学的研究人员们来到典型的英式城镇吉尔福德的街头，观察交通堵塞对污染粒子浓度的影响。Theyalsoanalyzedhowventilationsettingschangedthoseconcentrationsinsideofcars.他们还分析了通风装置是如何改变车内污染浓度的。Thescientiststooktheirmeasurementsinsideacarasittraveledonasix-kilometerloop,passingthrough10trafficintersections.科学家们让一辆车沿着六公里的环路行驶，途经10个交通路口，并且在车里进行测量。Theytrackedtheconcentrationsofdifferent-sizeparticlesofairpollution—rangingfromcoursetofine—ateachintersection.他们在每个路口追踪记录了从粗到细不同尺寸空气污染粒子的浓度。Inacarstuckintraffic,shuttingallthewindowsandturningoffthefanorheatreducedconcentrationdosesofthesmallest,mosthazardousparticlesbyupto76percent.堵车时关闭所有车窗、风扇或暖气，会让车内危害性最强的最小颗粒物的浓度降低76%。Andwhiletheywereonlyattrafficintersectionsforabout7percentoftotalcommutingtimeonaverage,thetimeaccountedforasmuchas10percentoftheirexposuretoharmfulparticles.尽管在交通路口的停留时间平均仅占总通勤时间的7%左右，但研究人员在此期间接触的有害颗粒物却相当于总量的10%。Theexposurewasmorethansixtimesgreaterincarswithopenwindowsthanforpedestriansatthree-orfour-wayintersections.在丁字路口或十字路口，打开车窗的车辆接触的有害颗粒物比行人高六倍多。Sowhenyou'restoppedatanintersection,rollupthewindows,andbreatheeasier.所以，当车辆被堵在路口时，关闭车窗，呼吸会更加畅通。小孩吃多少糖合适?Inrecentyearsscientistshaveawakenedtothefactthatwhenkidseattoomuchsugar,itcancausealotmoreharmthanjustcavities.Wenowknowthatexcessdietarysugarisassociatedwithhypertension,bloodlipiddisorders,diabetes,obesity,andanincreasedriskofcardiovasculardisease.近年来科学家们意识到这样一个事实,当孩子吃太多的糖,它的危害不仅仅是蛀牙的问题，还可能造成更多的危害。我们现在知道,过度吃糖，会增加高血压、血脂紊乱、糖尿病、肥胖、心血管疾病的风险。Whiletheproblemscausedbydietarysugaraffecteveryone,theyareespeciallyconcerninginchildren.而食物中的糖会引起众多问题,特别是关于儿童的。HowMuchSugarIsOKforKids.jpgManyfoodsmarketedforkidsseemtobeloadedwithaddedsugars,andtheaveragedailyconsumptionofsugarisremarkablyhighinkids.Itisnowbelievedthatsugarconsumptionisaleadingcauseofobesityinchildren,andislikelypartiallyresponsibleforthealarmingrateoftype2diabetesweareseeingtodayinadolescentsandyoungadults.(Notlongagotype2diabeteswasalmostneverseenbeforemiddleage.)许多幼儿食品里面添加多余的糖,孩子平均每天消耗糖量明显偏高。而现在糖的消耗已经导致儿童肥胖问题，这也可能是我们今天看到的青少年和年轻人患二型糖尿病的风险提高的原因。(以前几乎从未见过中年以前患二型糖尿病的)。Giventheincreasingincidenceofcardiovascularriskfactorsinadolescentsandyoungadults,expertsarewarningthatwearefacinganepidemicofprematureheartdiseaseverysoon.Addedsugarsinkids’dietsareundoubtedlyplayingabigrolehere.鉴于青少年和年轻的成年人患心血管疾病的风险增加,专家说,我们将很快面临早产儿心脏病流行。在儿童饮食中添加糖无疑起着巨大的作用。InAugust2016,anexpertpanelappointedbytheAmericanHeartAssociation(AHA)publishedascientificstatemententitled“AddedSugarsandCardiovascularDiseaseRiskinChildren.”Thepanelreviewedallpertinentscientificinformationontheeffectofaddedsugarsinkids,andmadefirmrecommendationsonhowmuchadded月,美国心脏协会(AHA)的一个专家小组公布了题名为“添加糖与心血管疾病对孩子风险”的科学声明。专家组评估了添加糖对孩子产生影响的相关所有科学信息,对于孩子消耗多少添加糖不会明显增加心血管疾病的风险，提出了严格的建议。新陈代谢是什么,如何改变它Metabolismisacombinationofbiochemicalprocessesthatyourbodyusestoconvertfoodintoenergy.Thesemetabolicprocessesincludebreathing,eatinganddigestingfood,thedeliveryofnutrientstoyourcellsthroughtheblood,theuseofenergybyyourmuscles,nervesandcells,andfinallytheeliminationofwasteproductsfromyourbody.新陈代谢是你的身体把食物转换成能量的生物与化学结合的过程。那些代谢过程包括呼吸、进食和消化食物,从血液到细胞的营养物质运送,肌肉，神经和细胞所需能量的使用,还有最后身体废物的排出。TheDefinitionofMetabolism新陈代谢的定义Whendieterstalkaboutmetabolism,theyusuallyaren'ttalkingaboutalonglistofphysicalandchemicalprocesses.当节食者谈论新陈代谢时,他们通常不谈论物理和化学的一长串过程。Weoftenusethewordmetabolismtodescribetherateatwhichourbodiesburncalories.Thisistherateatwhichyourbodyconvertsfoodintoenergy(calories)andthenusestheenergytoperformessentialandnon-essentialdailyfunctions.Therateatwhichweburncaloriesorburnenergyiscalledmetabolicrate.我们经常用“新陈代谢”这个词来描述我们的身体燃烧卡路里的速度，这是你的身体将食物转化为能量(卡路里)的速率,然后用能量来衡量必要和非必须的日常功能，我们燃烧卡路里或燃烧能量的速率被称为代谢率。Yourmetabolicratemightchangefromdaytodaydependingonyouractivitylevel,butyourbasalmetabolicratestaysfairlysteady.Yourbasalmetabolicrateisthenumberofcaloriesneededtofuelyourbody'sessentialfunctions,likebreathingandcirculatingblood.Basalmetabolicrateisthemostsignificantcomponentofyourtotalmetabolicrate.你的代谢率可能会逐天改变，这取决于你的活动水平,但是你基本的代谢率保持相当平稳。你的基本代谢率是需要卡路里的数量以维持你身体的基本功能,如呼吸和血液循环，基本代谢率是你