Subjunctive-Mood虚拟语气

SubjunctiveMoodLecture16ANewEnglishGrammarCourseLecture16TheSubjunctiveMood2020年1月3日星期五(2)OutlineWhatismood?asagrammaticalcategory,isafiniteverbformthatindicateswhetheranutteranceexpressesafact,acommandoranon-fact(hypothesis).Averbmaybeinoneofthefollowingthreemoods:1.TheIndicativeMood:陈述语气2.TheImperativeMood:祈使语气3.TheSubjunctiveMood:虚拟语气contentsMood→Lecture16TheSubjunctiveMood2020年1月3日星期五(3)1.TheIndicativeMoodTheindicativemoodisthemostcommonandisusedtoexpressfactsandopinionsortomakeinquiries.Mostofthestatementsyoumakeoryoureadareintheindicativemood.Theverbsinthefollowingsentencesareallintheindicativemood,e.g.;Marycamebackwithabundleofflowers.Alllivingthingsdiewithoutsunlight,airorwater.Joepicksuptheboxes.Isthereanythingwrongwiththemachine?returnLecture16TheSubjunctiveMood2020年1月3日星期五(4)2.TheImperativeMoodTheimperativemoodisalsocommonandisusedtogiveordersortomakerequests.Theimperativeisidenticalinformtothesecondpersonindicative.Theverbsinthefollowingsentencesareallintheimperativemood,e.g.;Pickupthoseboxes.Couldyouturnthemusicdownalittle?Thesenatorneedsyouinhisofficeimmediately.returnLecture16TheSubjunctiveMood2020年1月3日星期五(5)3.TheSubjunctiveMoodreturnThesubjunctivemoodhasalmostdisappearedfromthelanguageandisthusmoredifficulttousecorrectlythaneithertheindicativemoodortheimperativemood.Itrarelyappearsineverydayconversationorwritingandisusedinasetofspecificcircumstances.Thesubjunctivemoodisusedtoexpressaconditionthatisdoubtfulandornotfactual.Itismostoftenfoundinaclausebeginningwiththewordif.Itisalsofoundinclausesfollowingaverbthatexpressesadoubt,awish,regret,request,demand,orproposal.Lecture16TheSubjunctiveMood2020年1月3日星期五(6)ContentsBE-subjunctive16.1WERE-subjunctive16.2Lecture16TheSubjunctiveMood2020年1月3日星期五(7)16.1BE-SubjunctiveTheBe-subjunctiveisrealizedbythebaseformoftheverb.That’stosaywhateverthepersonofthesubjectis,thepredicatorinvariablytakesthebaseform．Itdoesnotshowanymarkingfortensesandcanbeusedtorefertoeventsinthepast,presentorfuture.WeuseBE-subjunctivemostoftenincertain:1.thatclauses2.adverbialclauses3.formulaicexpressionsLecture16TheSubjunctiveMood2020年1月3日星期五(8)1)Usedinadependentclauseattachedtoanindependentclausethatusesaverbsuchas“ask”,“command”,“decide”,“demand”,“insist”,“order”,“propose”,“recommend”,“require”,“suggest”,or“vote”...1.Usedincertainthat-clausesHeorderedthatallthebooksbesentatonce.Weproposethatsomebodyneutraltakethechair.Sheinsistedthatsheplayherownway.Congresshasdecided/voted/decreedthatthepresentlawbemaintained.SV＋that-clausePattern:Lecture16TheSubjunctiveMood2020年1月3日星期五(9)2)Usedinthat-clausesaftersuchnounsas:decision,decree,demand,instruction,order,proposal,requirement,resolution,suggestion…N+that-clauseTheboardhasgiveninstructionsthattheagentflytoBoston.Wewerefacedwiththedemandthatthistaxbeabolished.Theirdecisionwasthattheschoolremainclosed.Whatdoyouthinkofthesuggestionthatthemeetingbecancelled?(proposal,decision,idea,plan)Pattern:Lecture16TheSubjunctiveMood2020年1月3日星期五(10)3)Thesubjunctivemoodisalsousedinadependentclauseattachedtoanindependentclausethatusesanadjectiveexpressingurgencyasitcomplementsuchas:advisable,appropriate,crucial,desirable,essential,fitting,imperative,important,impossible,necessary,obligatory,proper,urgent,vital,strange,natural,etc.Pattern:SVC→adjective+that-clauseItisurgentthatHarryattendMonday'smeeting.Itisnecessarythathecomebackwithoutdelay.Itismostdesirablethatheattendtheconference.Itisobligatorythateveryoneattendtonight’smeeting.Lecture16TheSubjunctiveMood2020年1月3日星期五(11)Notes:Thisuseofthebe-subjunctiveisquitecommoninformalstyle,especiallyinAmericanEnglish．Thissubjunctiveformcansometimesbereplacedby:Heorderedthatthebooksbesentatonce.=Heorderedthatthebooksshouldbesentatonce.=Heorderedthebookstobesentatonce.“should＋V”or“toV”Or:Or:Lecture16TheSubjunctiveMood2020年1月3日星期五(12)2.Usedincertainadverbial-clausesThebe-subjunctiveisalsousedinadverbialclausesintroducedbyif,though,whatever,whether,lest,etc.Thisuseislimitedonlytoformalstyle,whileininformalstyletheindicativemoodorshould/may＋verbisusedinstead.Iftherumourbetrue,everythingispossible.=Iftherumouristrue,everythingispossible.Compare：Quietlywesatontheriverbanklestthefishswimaway.=Quietlywesatontheriverbanklestthefishmayswimaway.Whateverbehisdefense,wecannottoleratehisdisloyalty.=Whateverhisdefensemaybe,wecan'ttoleratehisdisloyalty.Lecture16TheSubjunctiveMood2020年1月3日星期五(13)3.UsedincertainfixedexpressionsThebe-subjunctiveisalsousedinsomefixedexpressionstoexpressawish,prayer,curse,etc．目录Lecture16TheSubjunctiveMood2020年1月3日星期五(14)16.2WERE-SubjunctiveAfteranumberofexpressions,likeifonly,weusepasttensestodescribethingsinthepresent,pastorfuturewhichareimaginedorunrealorunlikely.Thepasttensecanbe:①thesimplepasttense②thepastprogressiveaspect③thepastperfectiveaspect④thepastformofmodalauxiliaries.WERE-Subjunctivecanbeused:①incertainadverbialclauses②incertainthat-clausesLecture16TheSubjunctiveMood2020年1月3日星期五(15)1.UsedinCertainAdverbialClausesTheadverbialclauseisusually