搜索
Viewonlanguage:Structuralview:seelanguageasalinguisticsystemmadeupofvarioussubsystemslikephonology,morphology,syntax.Functionalview:seelanguageasameansfordoingthings.Interactionalview:seelanguageasacommunicativetool,whosemainuseistobuildupandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.Viewsonlanguagelearning:Behaviouristtheory(Skinner):(stimulus,response,reinforcement)Audio-lingualmethodinvolves“listenandrepeat”drillingactivities.(ideas:languageislearnedbyconstantlyrepetitionandreinforcementoftheteacher.Mistakeswereimmediatelycorrected,andcorrectutteranceswereimmediatelypraised.Cognitivetheory(Chomsky):languageisnotaformofbehavior,itisanintricaterile-basedsystemandalargepartoflanguageacquisitionisthelearningofthissystem.Constructivisttheory(JohnDewey):learningisaprocessinwhichtheleaningconstructmeaningbasedonherownexperiencesandwhatshehasalreadyknow.Social-constructivisttheory(Vygotsky):learningisachievedthroughthedynamicinteractionbetweentheteacherandthelearnerandbetweenthelearners.(Process-orientedtheories:concernedwithhowthemindorganizesnewinformation.Condition-orientedtheories:emphasizethenatureofthehumanandphysicalcontextinwhichthelanguagelearningtakesplace.)Thequalitiesofmakingagoodlanguageteacher:ethicdevotion,processionalqualities,personalstylesFivemaincomponentsofcommunicativecompetence(Hedge):Linguisticcompetence（语言）:concernedwithknowledgeofthelanguageitself,itsformandmeaning.Pragmaticcompetence（语用）:concernedwithappropriateofthelanguageinsocialcontext.Discoursecompetence（语篇）:referstoone’sabilitytocreatecoherentwrittentextorconversationandtheabilitytounderstandthem.Strategiccompetence（策略）:referstostrategiesoneemployswhenthereiscommunicationbreakdownduetolackofresources.Fluency（流畅）:meansone’sabilityto“linkunitsofspeechtogetherwithfacilityandwithoutstrainorinappropriateslownessorunduehesitation.”Threewaysofpresentinggrammarintheclassroom:Thedeductivemethod（演绎）:reliesonreasoning,analyzingandcomparing.Theinductivemethod（归纳）:theteacherprovideslearnerswithauthenticlanguagedataandinducesthe;earnerstorealisegrammarruleswithoutanyformofexplicitexplanation.Theguideddiscoverymethod（引导）:thestudentsareinducedtodiscoverrulesbythemselvesbutdifferentinthattheprocessofthediscoveryiscarefullyguidedandassistedbytheteacherandtherulesarethenelicitedandtaughtexplicitly.Characteristicsofthelisteningprocess:Spontaneity,context,visualclues,listener’sresponse,speaker’sadjustmentFiveprinciplesandmodelsforteachinglistening:Focusonprocess,combinelisteningwithotherskills,focusonthecomprehensionofmeaning,gradedifficultylevelappropriatelyTwoprocessesoflistening:Bottom-upmodel:recognizingofwords,phrasesorstructuresTop-downmodel:referringmeaningfrombroadcontextualcluesandbackgroundknowledgePrinciplesofCommunicativeLanguageTeaching(RichardsandRodgers):Communicationprinciple,Taskprinciple,MeaningfulnessSixcriteriaforevaluatinghowcommunicativeclassroomactivitiesare(Ellis):Communicativepurpose,communicativedesire,content,varietyoflanguage,noteacherintervention,nomaterialscontrolFourmaincomponentsofatask(Clark,Scarino,Brownell):Apurpose,acontext,aprocess,aproduct.Principlesforgoodlessonplanning:Aim,variety,flexibility,learnability,linkage.Whataretheguidelinesforwritingteachingaimsinalessonplan?Clear,brief,specific,student-orientedComponentsofalessonplan:Backgroundinformation,teachingaims,languagecontentsandskills,stagesandprocedures,teachingaids,assignments,andteacher’safter-lessonreflectionClassroommanagementisthewayteachersorganizewhatgoesonintheclassroom.(goal:tocreatanatmosphereconductivetointeractinginEnglishinmeaningfulways.Theroleoftheteacher:Controller,assessor,organiser,prompter,participant,resource-providerTheprocessofbecomingaprofessionallycompetentteacher(Wallace):Languagedevelopment(stage1)——purposelylearningpreparation(other’sexperience,receivedknowledge,ownexperience)——practice——reflection(stage2)——professionalcompetence(goal)Teachingpronunciationshouldbe:Consistency,intelligibility,communicativeefficiencyThreewaystoshowthestresspatternofwords,phrasesandsentences:Usegestures,voice,blackboardErrorsandmistakes:Mistake:referstoaperformanceerrorthatiseitherarandomguessora“slipoftongue”,anditisafailureperformancetoaknownsystem.Errorhasdirectrelationwiththelearners’languagecompetence.Languagelearninginreallifevs.Traditionalpedagogy:Theultimategoalofforeignlanguageteachingistoenablestudentstousetheforeignlanguageinworkorlifewhennecessary.Butthereisabiggapbetweenthelanguageusedinreallifeandthelanguagelearnedinclassrooms,sothesolutionistouseCommunicativeLanguageTeaching（CLT任务型教学）.Whatarenotgoodrulestofollowformakinginstructionseffective?Notmodelthetaskoractivitybeforelettingstudentsmoveintogroupsorpairs.Whichofthefollowingistheadvantageofwholeclasswork?Itisanidealwaytoshowmaterialsanddopresentationstogether.Whatdoesitmeantoknowaword?Knowingitspronunciationandstress,spellingandgrammaticalproperties,meaning,howandwhentouseittoexpresstheintendedmeaning.Denotativemeaning:referstothosewordsthatweusedtolabelthingsasregardsasrealobjects.Connota