商务英语Internationalcargoinsurance

Unit3InternationalcargoinsuranceUnit3Internationalcargoinsurance1.Partiestotheinsurance2.TypesofRisks,lossesandexpenses3.ScopeofInsurancecoverage4.ProceduresofMarineInsurance5.FundamentalPrinciplesofCargoInsurance1.PartiestotheinsuranceInsurer保险人/承保人ThepartyundertakingtoindemnifytheinsurantagainstlossesordamagesCanbetheinsurancecompany/underwriterInChina,PICCisusuallytheinsurer1.Partiestotheinsuranceinsured/theinsurant投保人/被保险人ThepartythatbuysinsuranceCanbetheexporterorimporterdependingontheIncotermsadoptedinthetransaction1.Partiestotheinsurancetheclaimant索赔人TheinsurantmaynotnecessarilybetheclaimantDependingon:whohastheinsurableinterestofthegoodswhenthegoodsaredamagedorlost1.Partiestotheinsurancetheclaimant索赔人TheinsurantmaynotnecessarilybetheclaimantDependingon:whohastheinsurableinterestofthegoodswhenthegoodsaredamagedorlost2.TypesofRisks,lossesandexpenses2.1MarineRisksNaturalCalamitiesPerilsoftheSea海上风险UnexpectedAccidentsRisksGeneralExtraneousRisksExtraneousRisks外来风险SpecialExtraneousRisks2.TypesofRisks,lossesandexpenses2.2LossestotallossLossespartialloss2.3ExpensesactualtotallossconstructivetotallossGeneralaverageParticularaveragesueandlaborexpensessalvagechargesTotalLoss全部损失Totallossreferstothelossoftheentireshipmentcausedbytheoccurrenceofoneoftheperilsofthesea,fire,orsomeotherreasons.Partialloss部分损失2.2Typesoflosses2.2.1TypesoftotallossActualtotalloss（实际全损）:Itoccurswheretheinsuredgoodshavebeentotallylostordamage,orfoundtobetotallyvaluelessonarrival.完全灭失；受到严重损坏完全失去原有的形体效用(改变原来的用途）；不能再归被保险人拥有；载货船舶失踪，达到一定时间仍无消息（一般为半年）。Constructivetotalloss（推定全损）:Itisfoundinthecasewhereanactualtotallossappearstobeunavoidableorthecosttobeincurredinrecoveringorreconditioningthegoodstogetherwiththeforwardingcosttothedestinationnamedinthepolicywouldexceedtheirvalueonarrival.被保险货物在运输途中受损后，实际全损已经不可避免，或者为避免发生实际全损所需支付的费用与继续将货物运抵目的地的费用之和超过保险价值，即恢复、修复受损货物并将其运送到原订目的地的费用将超过该目的地的货物价值。2.2.1Typesoftotalloss2.2.2TypesofPartiallossGeneralaverage(GA)共同海损Particularaverage（PA）单独海损Generalaverage(GA)共同海损Itmeansthatwhichevershipperlosesallorpartofhiscargo,alltheotherswillclubtogethertorecompensehimforhisloss.是指载货船舶在海上遇到灾害、事故，威胁到船货等各方面的共同安全，为了解除这种威胁，维护船货安全，使航程得以继续完成，船方有意识地、合理地采取措施，造成某些特殊损失或者支出特殊额外费用。具备条件：①危及船、货共同安全的危险必须是实际存在和不可避免的而产生的，不是主观臆测的。②消除船、货共同危险而采取的措施，必须是船方有意识的和合理的。③共同海损的牺牲必须是特殊的，费用必须是额外支出的。④共同海损行为必须是最终有效的。Particularaverage（PA）单独海损Itmeansthataparticularconsignmentissufferedbyonewhosegoodsarepartlylostordamaged.Whenthereisaparticularaverageloss,otherinterestsinthevoyage(suchasthecarrierandothercargoownerswhosegoodswerenotdamage)donotcontributetothepartialrecoveryoftheonesufferingtheloss.某一载货海轮在航行中有一船舱发生火灾，危及船货的共同安全，经船长下令灌水施救后被扑灭。事后检查该船舱的货物，原装在该舱内的500包棉花，除被烧毁部分外，剩下部分有严重水渍，只能作为纸浆出售给造纸厂，得价占原货价值的30%；原装在该舱内尚有500包大米，经检查这批大米只有水渍损失，而无烧毁或热熏的损失，经晒干处理后，作为次等米出售，得价占原价的40%。按照上述情况，棉花损失价值占原价的70%，大米损失价值占原价的60%。问：试分析这两种情况的损失是否都属于部分损失？为什么？Casestudy本例如果单纯从损失的程度来确定，都属于部分损失，但按照保险业务的习惯，上述棉花的损失被认为是全部损失，而大米的损失则是部分损失。保险业务中，全损分为实际全损和推定全损。实际全损分为三种情况：1.货物实际灭失；（如：货物全部沉入海底，无法打捞）2.货物虽然没有实际灭失，但已完全失去使用价值；（如：水泥被水浸泡后结成硬块）分析3.货物即没有实际灭失，也没有完全失去使用价值，但货物原来的用途已完全改变。本例中的棉花就属于第三种情况，受到严重水渍的棉花原来具有纺纱织布的用途已完全丧失。因此，尽管货主可以收回30%的价值，但在保险业务中视为全损。case某货物从天津新港驶往新加坡，在航行途中船舶货舱起火，大火蔓延到机舱，船长为了船、货的共同安全，决定采取紧急措施，往舱中灌水灭火。火虽被扑灭，但由于主机受损，无法继续航行，于是船长决定雇用拖轮将货船拖回新港修理。检修后重新驶往新加坡。事后调查，这次事件造成的损失有：（1）1000箱货被火烧毁；（2）600箱货由于灌水灭火受到损失；（3）主机和部分甲板被烧毁；（4）拖船费用；（5）额外增加的燃料和船长、船员工资。从上述各项损失性质来看，各属于什么海损？DifferencesbetweenGA&PAContentCausesIndemnificationGeneralAverageCargoLossExpensesIntentionalMeasuresBeproportionallycontributedParticularAverageCargoLossRisksBebornebythepartywhosecargoisdamaged共同海损的分摊(generalaveragecontribution)—船方(船东)、货方、运费收入方(船公司)根据获救比例来分摊。2.3TypesofExpensesSueandlaborexpense施救费用Theseexpensesaretheexpensesarisingfrommeasuresproperlytakenbytheinsured,theemployeeandtheassignee,etc.forminimizingoravoidinglossescausedbytheriskscoveredintheinsurancepolicy.Theinsurerisheldresponsibletocompensateforsuchexpenses.--被保险货物在遭遇保险责任范围内的灾害事故时，被保险人或他的代理人、雇佣人员和保险单的受让人等为抢救保险标的，以防止其损失扩大所采取的措施而支出的费用。2.3TypesofExpensesSalvagecharges救助费用Salvagechargesareexpensesresultingfrommeasuresproperlytakenbyathirdpartyotherthantheinsured,theemployeeandtheassignee,etc.--保险标的遭遇保险责任范围内的灾害事故时，由保险人和被保险人以外的第三者采取救助行动而向其支付的报酬。--无效果，无报酬(nocure,nopay)3.ScopeofInsurancecoverageBasiccoverageFPAWPAAllRisksAdditionalcoverageGeneraladditionalcoverageSpecialadditionalcoverage3.1BasiccoverageBasicRisksCoverage基本险FPA平安险WPA水渍险AR一切险OceanMarineCargoClausemodifiedon1January1981provides:Scopeofinsuranceresponsibilities:ARWPAFPAFreefromParticularAverage(FPA)平安险即单独海损不赔Anoceanmarinepolicyprovisionunderwhichparticularaverageresultedfromnaturalcalamitiesisnotcovered,unlessthesenaturalcalamitiesoccurbeforeorafterfortuitousaccidents.3.1.1F.P.A.平安险Itmainlycovers:1.thetotallossoftheinsuredgoodscausedbythenaturalcalamitiesorfortuitousaccidentsonthesea.2.theGeneralAveragecausedbynaturaldisastersoraccidentsonthesea.3.theparticularaveragecausedbythefortuitousaccidentsonthesea.4.theparticularaveragecausedbynaturaldisastersonth