四级阅读难点解析

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2013年12月英语四级阅读难点解析之定语从句一、定语从句的概念定语从句就是修饰主句里的名词或代词的从句,本质上相当于“形容词”。二、定语从句的类型定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。大多数定语从句都对所修饰的名词或代词加以限制,去掉该从句后先行词将意义不全或失去意义。而非限制性定语从句的作用在于补充,翻译是常常另起一个句子,与主句构成并列句。例如:That’sthesamemanthataskedforhelpthedaybeforeyesterday.Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.三、定语从句与同位语从句的区别1.同位语从句的形式与定语从句相似,它们之间都有先行词,但与先行词的关系有所不同:同位语从句与先行词同位或等同,定语从句与先行词则是修饰关系。2.在定语从句中,关系词要代替先行词在从句中作适当的句子成分:而同位语从句的引导词则只起引导作用,没有代替前面名词在从句中作句子成分的作用。试比较以下两个句子:Thefactthathehadnotsaidanythingsurprisedeverybody.(同位语从句)Thefactthatyouaretalkingaboutisimportant.(定语从句)阅读真题难句荟萃1.Mostdesignerswithexistinglabelsarefindingtherearen’tcomparablefabricsthatyoucanjusreplacewhatyou’redoingandwhatyourcustomersareusedto.(09.6Passage1)分析:主干:Mostdesignersarefinding…finding后是省略连词that的宾语从句。该从句时therebe句型,其主语comparablefabrics后有一个that引导的限制性定语从句直到句末。该定语从句的卫浴动词replace带了两个由and链接的并列的髌骨从句,都用what引导。译文:大多数现有品牌设计师都发现,找不到满意的有机布料来取代现在使用的、顾客已经习惯了的布料。ToddPark,alocaldetective,saidthemethodhashelpedhimlearnmoreaboutanunidentifiedwomanwhoseskeletonwasfoundnearGreatSaltLake.(09.6Passage2)主干:ToddPark,alocaldetective,said...said之后的内容是个省略引导词that的宾语从句。whoseskeleton...是个定语从句,修饰an...woman。译文:当地的一名侦探ToddPark说,这个方法帮他了解到有关一位身份不明的女性死者的更多信息,其尸骨是在打掩护附近被发现的。1、TwomonthsagoGullottasawa50-year-oldmanwhohaddelayeddoinganythingabouthissmoker'scoughforayear.(08.12Passage1)主干:Gullottasawaman...who引导的定语从句修饰a...man。本句是肯定陈述句,却用了doinganything而不是doingsomething,语义上有所强调。译文:两个月以前格洛塔为一位50岁的男士看病,这名男士吸烟可欧已有一年,但期间他没有采取任何措施,以至于延误了治疗。2、Thedigitalbreadcrumbs(碎屑)youleaveeverywheremakeiteasyforstrangerstoreconstructwhoyouare,whereyouareandwhatyoulike.(08.6Passage2)主干:Thecrumbsmakeiteasytoreconstruce...youleaveeverywhere是定语从句,省略了关系代词that,修饰crumbs;makeiteasyfor...todo...结构中,it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是不定式toreconstruct...。easy是宾语补语,for引导出不定式的逻辑主语strangers。句末who,where和what引导的三个名词性从句都是reconstruct的宾语。译文:你处处留下的“数字面包碎屑”很容易让陌生人推想出你是谁,你在哪里,你对什么感兴趣。3、PrivacyeconomistAlessandroAcquistihasrunaseriesofteststhatrevealpeoplewillsurrenderpersonalinformationlikeSocialSecuritynumbersjusttogettheirhandsonapitiful50-cents-offcoupon(优惠券).主干:AlessandroAcquistihasrunaseriesoftests...Privacyeconomist和AlessandroAcquisti是同位语。tests后的that从句作tests的定语,该从句的谓语动词reveal带有一个宾语从句peoplewillsurrender...。译文:隐私经济学家AlessandroAcquisti进行了一系列的测试,这些测试表明人们会透露像社保卡号这样的个人信息,就只是为了能拿到微不足道的便宜50美分的优惠券。4.Therewasatimeinmylifewhenpeopleaskedconstantlyforstoriesaboutwhatit'sliketoworkinafielddominatedbymen.(07.6Passage1)主干:Therewasatime本句是个存在句,主语atime由when引导的定语从句修饰。“about+what”引导的宾语从句构成介词短语,作stories的后置定语在该宾语从句中,it是形式主语,后面的不定式短语towork...是真正的主语。dominated...作afield的后置定语。译文:我生活中有那么一段时间人们老是问我,供职于一个男性占主导地位的领域感觉如何。5.ThepracticethatcanhelpyoupastyourlearnedbadhabitsoftryingtoeditasyouwriteiswhatElbowcallsfreewriting.(07.6Passage2)主干:Thepractice...iswhat...定语从句thatcan...修饰主语Thepractice,从句中的介词短语pastyour...habits作宾语you的补语,asyouwrite引导的时间状语从句修饰tryingtoedite。what引导的表语从句中用了“call+宾语+补语”的结构,what是宾语,freewriting是补语。译文:这种可以帮助你克服在写作的同时就试图编辑的坏习惯的做法便是Elbow所称作的“自由式”写作。1、TwomonthsagoGullottasawa50-year-oldmanwhohaddelayeddoinganythingabouthissmoker'scoughforayear.(08.12Passage1)主干:Gullottasawaman...who引导的定语从句修饰a...man。本句是肯定陈述句,却用了doinganything而不是doingsomething,语义上有所强调。译文:两个月以前格洛塔为一位50岁的男士看病,这名男士吸烟可欧已有一年,但期间他没有采取任何措施,以至于延误了治疗。2、Thedigitalbreadcrumbs(碎屑)youleaveeverywheremakeiteasyforstrangerstoreconstructwhoyouare,whereyouareandwhatyoulike.(08.6Passage2)主干:Thecrumbsmakeiteasytoreconstruce...youleaveeverywhere是定语从句,省略了关系代词that,修饰crumbs;makeiteasyfor...todo...结构中,it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是不定式toreconstruct...。easy是宾语补语,for引导出不定式的逻辑主语strangers。句末who,where和what引导的三个名词性从句都是reconstruct的宾语。译文:你处处留下的“数字面包碎屑”很容易让陌生人推想出你是谁,你在哪里,你对什么感兴趣。3、PrivacyeconomistAlessandroAcquistihasrunaseriesofteststhatrevealpeoplewillsurrenderpersonalinformationlikeSocialSecuritynumbersjusttogettheirhandsonapitiful50-cents-offcoupon(优惠券).主干:AlessandroAcquistihasrunaseriesoftests...Privacyeconomist和AlessandroAcquisti是同位语。tests后的that从句作tests的定语,该从句的谓语动词reveal带有一个宾语从句peoplewillsurrender...。译文:隐私经济学家AlessandroAcquisti进行了一系列的测试,这些测试表明人们会透露像社保卡号这样的个人信息,就只是为了能拿到微不足道的便宜50美分的优惠券。4.Therewasatimeinmylifewhenpeopleaskedconstantlyforstoriesaboutwhatit'sliketoworkinafielddominatedbymen.(07.6Passage1)主干:Therewasatime本句是个存在句,主语atime由when引导的定语从句修饰。“about+what”引导的宾语从句构成介词短语,作stories的后置定语在该宾语从句中,it是形式主语,后面的不定式短语towork...是真正的主语。dominated...作afield的后置定语。译文:我生活中有那么一段时间人们老是问我,供职于一个男性占主导地位的领域感觉如何。5.ThepracticethatcanhelpyoupastyourlearnedbadhabitsoftryingtoeditasyouwriteiswhatElbowcallsfreewriting.(07.6Passage2)主干:Thepractice...iswhat...定语从句thatcan...修饰主语Thepractice,从句中的介词短语pastyour...habits作宾语you的补语,asyouwrite引导的时间状语从句修饰tryingtoedite。what引导的表语从句中用了“call+宾语+补语”的结构,what是宾语,freewriting是补语。译文:这种可以帮助你克服在写作的同时就试图编辑的坏习惯的做法便是Elbow所称作的“自由式”写作。1.Aswehaveseen,thefocusofmedicalcareinoursocietyhasbeenshiftingfromcuringdiseasetopreventingdisease-especiallyintermsofchangingourmanyunhealthybehaviors,suchaspooreatinghabits,smoking,andfailuretoexercise.(06.12Passage2)主干:thefocushasbeenshifting句首As引导非限制性定语从句,As指代主句所说的内容,在从句中作s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