2第二章旅游的产生与发展

第二章旅游的产生与发展EvolutionofTourismHistoricalBackgroundAshasbeenpointedoutbymanyauthors,thehistoriesoftravelandcivilizationareparallel.Earlymankeptonthemovefromonepasturetoanother.Tradeandpleasuretravelhavebeenintertwinedforcenturies.Earlytravelerswereexplorer-traders,suchasMarcoPolo,whosoughtnewfunctionsandsocietiesoutofcuriosityandyethadincreasedtrademotivations.Pilgrimagestoreligiousmeccas,resortingaroundtheMediterranean,andparticipationinthespaswerepopularinGreekandRomantimes.ThelowestpointintouristtravelcamewiththeearlyMiddleAgesbecauseoffeudalismandthestringentnecessityofworkforsurvival.Religiousvalueswerecoupledwithprohibitionsagainstrecreationaltravel.Beforemodernscienceandtechnologyidentifiedmanycausesofdisease,thecurativepowersofseawaterandspringwaterscontainingmanymineralsbecamepopularhealthobjectives.Theseattractionssparkedfashionableresortstheworldover.Inthe17thcentury,intheheydayofBritishhistory,noyoungmanwasthoroughlyeducatedunlesshehadexperiencedthearts,architecture,womenandfoodsontheGrandTour.Thetripwasmetwithmanyrisksfrombanditsandbadfood,butitusuallyincludedvisitstotheseatsofgovernmentofFrance,Italy,Switzerland,andGermany.Theprioritygiventravelthroughouthistoryisevidentnomatterthemodeoftransportation.First,hikingandhorsebackriding,followedbystagecoachtravel,provedthatthedesirewasthere.Majortechnologicaladvances,suchasthetrainandsteamboat,gavenewimpetustotravel,especiallybythewealthierclasses.Travelexplodedwiththeautomobile,notbecauseofroadsbutbecauseitopenedupnewmarkets.Forthefirsttime,apersonalizedformoftransportationbecameavailabletothemiddleandlowerclasses.Workingmenandworkingwomen——factoryoperatives,plumbers,waitresses,bankclerks,farmhands,stenographers,storekeepers,subwayguards,millhands,garmentworkers,officeboys,truckdrivers—foundcountlesspleasuresandamusementreadilyavailablethathadoncebeenrestrictedtotheprivilegedfew.Whereastherecreationaltouristtriprepresentedthefirstsurgeofautomobileuse,salesandotherbusinesspeoplebegantopopularizetheflexibilityofautomobilebusinesstravel.Butittookjettraveltoshrinktheworldandexposeanewabundanceandmosaicoftravelmarkets.Recordshavedemonstratedthatregardlessofeconomicshiftsovermanydecades,thedesiretoseekouttravelexperienceshascontinuedtogrowworldwide.Travel,formanyreasons,nowhasbecomealmostarightoflife.EraMotivationAbilityMobilityPre-industrialExplorationandbusinessPilgrimage-religionEducationHealthFewtravelers,thoseinvolvedwerewealthy,influentialorreceivedpermissionSlow&treacherousIndustrialPositiveimpactofeducation,print,andradioEscapefromcityColonialempiresHigherincomesMoreleisuretimeOrganizedtoursLowertransportcostsReliablepublictransportationConsumersocietyPositiveimpactofvisualcommunicationConsumersocietyEscapefromworkroutineShorterworkweekMorediscretionaryincomeMassmarketingPackagetoursGrowthofpersonaltransportationFasterandmoreefficienttransportFutureVacationsarightandnecessityCombinedwithbusinessandlearningSelf-cateringSmallerfamiliesTwowageearnersperhouseholdDemographictrendsfavortravelgroupsAlternativefuelsMoreefficienttransportationGreateruseofpublictransportandpackagedeals第二章旅游的产生与发展第一节十九世纪中叶以前的旅行发展第二节近代旅游的发展和旅游业的诞生第三节现代旅游的发展第四节中国旅游业的产生与发展第一节十九世纪中叶以前的旅行发展（Evolutionoftourismbeforemidof19century)一、人类旅行的起源1、原始社会前期2、新石器时代早、中期第一次社会大分工（畜牧业和原始农业开始形成和发展）3、新石器时代晚期第二次社会大分工（手工业同农业和畜牧业的分离）4、原始社会末期和奴隶社会初期第三次社会大分工（开始出现专门从事商品交换的阶级）第一节十九世纪中叶以前的旅行发展二、人类旅行的发展1、旅行发展同一个阶段和一个国家的政治、经济状况直接相关。2、旅行目的主要是贸易经商。3、就旅行的社会作用看，旅行并非人们社会生活的基本需要，人们在主观上缺乏旅行度假的要求和习惯。4、消遣旅行不具备普遍的社会意义。第一节十九世纪中叶以前的旅行发展(一)奴隶社会的旅行活动中国奴隶制社会中华民族的始祖黄帝就是一位大旅行家。3000年前周穆王是我国古代最著名的旅行家之一《尚书·禹贡篇》最早记载了全国水道交通网。陆路交通也有相当发展，西周至春秋战国时期，已有邮传制度的建立。商代商人的足迹“东北到勃海沿岸乃至朝鲜半岛，东南达今日浙江，西南达到了今日皖鄂乃至四川，西北达到了今日陕甘宁绥乃至远及新疆……已经走遍了他们所知道的世界”。春秋战国时代，商务旅行更趋发展，许多商人到处周游，进行贸易交往。第一节十九世纪中叶以前的旅行发展西方奴隶制社会4000B.C.苏美尔人懂得使用钱或通过物物交换来支付交通和住宿费用。TheinventionofmoneybytheSumerians(Babylomans)andthedevelopmentoftradebeginningabout4000B.C.markthebeginningofthemoderneraoftravel.NotonlyweretheSumeriansfirsttograsptheideaofmoneyanduseitinbusinesstransactionsbutalsotoinventcuneiformwritingandthewheel,sotheyshouldbecreditedasthefoundersofthetravelbusiness.Peoplecouldnowpayfortransportationandaccommodationswithmoneyorbybarter.第一节十九世纪中叶以前的旅行发展1480B.C.古埃及荷赛特女王访问旁特地区（非洲东海岸，今索马里）――世界上第一次以和平观光为目的的旅游活动。ProbablythefirstjourneyevermadeforpurposesofpeaceandtourismwasmadebyQueenHatshepsuttothelandsofPunt(believedtobeontheeastcoastofAfrica)in1480B.C.底比斯的门农巨人是古代旅行者神往的地方，其底座雕刻着公元前5世纪希腊旅行家的名字记载。TheColossiofMemnonatThebeshaveontheirpedestalsthenamesofGreektouristsofthe5thcenturyB.C.第一节十九世纪中叶以前的旅行发展（2700B.C.古埃及法老们开始利用尼罗河流域优质的建筑石料，精心建造他们的坟墓。包括德约瑟法老的阶梯式金字塔、狮身人面像以及坐落在吉萨的三大金字塔和建造在阿布色的金字塔群）1600B.C.--1200B.C.大批游客前往金字塔观赏，其主要动机是好奇荷纯粹的欣赏，并不含宗教因素。ThesegreatoutdoorwondersbeganattractinglargenumbersasearlyastheNewKingdomfrom1600to1200B.C.,yettheirprimemotivationwascuriosityordisinterestedenjoyment,notreligion.第一节十九世纪中叶以前的旅行发展776B.C.开始，城市国家的居民每个四年就聚集一次，通过参加体育比赛来纪念希腊神宙斯，这样就诞生了四个国家性的节日活动：奥运会、皮托竞技会、科林斯地峡运动会和尼米亚赛会，每个节日活动只向一个神供奉祭品并进行祷告。Beginningin776B.C.,citizensofthecitystates