1大学英语四级翻译高频语法考点(一)虚拟语气:虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,而不表示客观存在的事实,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。1.由“if”引导的虚拟语气(1)与现在的事实相反:(从句:If...+were/did...,主句:...+would/could/might/shoulddo...)IfIknewhistelephonenumber,Iwouldtellyou.(事实:不知道)Iftherewerenoairorwater,therewouldbenolivingthingsontheearth.(事实:地球上既有空气也有水)(2)与过去的事实相反:(从句:If...+haddone...,主句:...+would/could/might/shouldhavedone...)IfIhadgottenthereearlier,Ishould/couldhavemether.(事实:去晚了)Ifhehadtakenmyadvice,hewouldnothavemadesuchamistake.(事实:没有听我的话)(3)与将来的事实可能相反:(从句If...+should/weretodo...,主句:...+woulddo...)Ifitshouldraintomorrow,whatwouldyoudo?(事实:可能不下雨)(4)表示错综复杂的条件:主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间,一个发生在过去,一个发生在现在。IfPaulhadreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.主句的谓语部分为wouldbe,因为有now限制;而从句的谓语部分为hadreceived,因为从句时间为过去(inthelastelection)。主句和从句属不同的时间范畴,分别用各自对应的谓语形式。(5)跳层式条件结构形式:条件结构通过跳过一层以含蓄的方式表达出来,因此行文简练。表示同现在事实相反之假想:would/coulddo+but接现在时陈述句表示同过去事实相反之假想:would/couldhavedone+but接过去时陈述句Hewouldgainweightbuthedoesn’teatenough.主句Hewouldgainweight后跳过了ifheateenough这一条件句。IwouldhavegonewithyoubutIwastootired.主句Iwouldhavegonewithyou后跳过了ifIhadnotbeentired这一条件句。(6)虚拟条件句的倒装:虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were,should,或had时,可省略if,再把were,should或had移到从句的句首,实行倒装。HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.(7)与介词连用表示条件的结构形式:通过without,butfor表示条件。Withoutyourguidance,weshould/wouldfail.Butforyourtimelyrescue,theboywouldhavedrowned.2.用在表示建议、命令、要求等的宾语从句中从句谓语形式为:“...(should)+dosth.”(在美语中should常省去)。类似用法的动词有:suggest(建议),advise(建议),propose(建议),recommend(推荐),move(动议),urge(敦促),advocate(拥护、提倡);command(命令),order(命令);demand(要求),desire(要求、请求),request(请求),require(需要、要求),ask(要求),maintain(坚决主张),insist(坚持要求);decide(决定),arrange(安排)等后面的宾语从句中。这些词的名词形式后的同位语从句或表语从句谓语形式也为:“...(should)+dosth.”(在美语中should常省去)。2Mysuggestionisthataspecialcommittee(should)besetuptolookintotheproblem.(建立起特别委员会以便调查问题)Mysuggestionthataspecialcommittee(should)besetuptolookintotheproblemisstillintheair.3.用在“It+be+important(necessary,essential,desirable,vital,compulsory,crucial,imperative,natural,obligatory,preferable,strange,urgent,desirable等表“重要的、必须的”的形容词,以及表示“建议、命令、要求”等词的分词或形容词形式如insisted,suggested,ordered,requested,arranged,recommended,advisable,等)+that...”结构中的that引导的主语从句中,谓语形式为:“...(should)+dosth.”。It’isstrangethatyou(should)saysuchathing4.用在Itistimethat...结构中,表示“该做某事而没做”,含建议的意思,所以用虚拟语气,用动词过去时。Itistimethat...结构中time前可加about(表示“大约”,婉和语气)或high(表示“强调”,加强语气)等。Iamgettingtired.Itis(about)time(that)wewenttobed.咱们该睡觉了。在这一句式中,从句的过去式也可改为should+动词原形,但第二式是极为正式的文体,should不能省去。Itis(high)timethatyoushouldgetmarriedandsettledown.注意:以下句式不是虚拟语气,用法也不同。Itisthefirst/secondtimethat…从句动词用现在完成时Itwasthefirstt/secondtimethat…从句动词用过去完成时ItisthefirsttimeIhavebeenhere.ItwasthesecondtimeIhadbeenthere.5.表愿望的虚拟语气(1)wish、ifonly后的虚拟语气wish后的从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示一种与现在事实相反的愿望;用过去完成时或过去完成进行时表示与过去事实相反的愿望;若用would则表示请求或对现状不满希望将来有所改变等。Ifonly的用法和Iwish等基本相同,只是更富有感情色彩。Ifonly(=Iwish)Iwere(而不是was)youngagain.(事实:不再年轻)Ifonly(=Iwish)Ihadnotcheatedattheexamination.(事实:已作弊)(2)wouldrather后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气wouldrather/wouldsooner和wouldjustassoon等表示“宁愿”。其后如接宾语从句用一般过去时表示对现在或将来的一种愿望。然而,若谈论的是过去的行为或情况,宾语从句则用过去完成形式。Iwouldratheryoudidn’tdoanythingaboutitforthetimebeing.I’dratheryouhadn’tdonethatwhenyouwereyounger.6.lest,forfearthat,incase的虚拟语气lest(以免;免得),forfearthat(生怕,唯恐)和incase(以防)引导的目的状语从句中,用“should+动词原形”,其谓语部分should可以省略。incase引导的从句中陈述之事发生的可能性大,也可用陈述语气。Iwasafraidtoopenthedoorforfearthat/lesthe(should)followme3Youmustwakehimearlyincasehe(should)belateforschool.或Youmustwakehimearlyincaseheislateforschool.7.asif/asthough方式状语从句中的虚拟语气从句用一般过去时表示和现在事实相反或对现在的情况有所怀疑;用过去完成时表示过去想象中的动作或情况。但是,若在seem/look/sound/smell等动词之后,谓语动词用来表示事实上可能存在的事实时,也可以用陈述语气。Heoftentalksasifheweremyfather.(事实:不是我父亲)Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.(从句用陈述语气)虚拟语气练习题1.Somewomen______________________(本来能够挣一份很好的工资)inajobinsteadofstayinghome,buttheydecidednottoworkforthesakeofthefamily.2.Butforhishelp,I______________________________(我不可能这么早完成).3.I__________________________(不会诉诸法律)acourtoflawifIhadn’tbeensodesperate.4.Pleasebecarefulwhenyouaredrinkingcoffeeincaseyou____(弄脏了新地毯).5.Thevictim___________________________(本来会有机会活下来)ifhehadbeentakentohospitalintime.6.Youwouldnothavefailedifyou_________________________(按照我的指令去做).7.You'dbettertakeasweaterwithyou______________________________(以防天气冷).8.Ifshehadreturnedanhourearlier,Mary_______________________(就不会被大雨淋了)。9.Itissuggestedthattheairconditioner________________________(要安装在窗户旁边)10.Theprofessorrequiredthat_____________________(我们交研究报告)。11.Isuggestedhe________________________(使自己适应)hisnewconditions.12.Ifyouhadfollowedmyadvicethen,________________________now.(你就不会陷入麻烦)13.Franklyspeaking,I’dratheryou_____________________(不采取任何措施)aboutitforthetimebeing.14.Hewearsapairofsunglasses_________________________(惟恐被别人认出来).15.It’stime_______________________(采取措施)aboutthetrafficproblemdowntown.16.Therewasaknockatthedoor.Itwasthesecondtimesomeone_______________________(打扰我)thatevening.17.Themanagerwouldratherhisdaughter____________________(不在同一个办公室内工作).18.Janeistiredofdealingwithcustomercomplaintsandwi