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编辑：Enook.cnUnitOne第一单元Theauthorisnotapreacher,andyethedoesdeliverakindofsermonhere.作者并不是一个传教士，然而他在这里却发表了一种友好的说教。Whoishisaudience?他的观众是谁？Interestingly,hisaudienceisyourteachersofAdvancedEnglishasaforeignlanguage.有趣地是，他的观众是你们那些把高级英语作为外语的老师们。Theauthorseekstohelpthemintheirdifficulttaskofteachingadvancedstudents,作者试着探求去帮助他们如何教先进的学生这一艰难的任务。theirtaskofleadingtheirstudentstoahigherlevelofabilityandfluency.他们的任务就是引导他们的学生到达更高一层的能力和流畅。Doesitencourageyoutoknowthatyouarenottheonlyonewhoisstrugglingatthisleveloflanguageacquisition?它是否怂恿你，让你知道你不是唯一的一个在语言获得阶段奋斗的人？AKINDOFSERMON一番说教byW.S.FowlerW·S·福勒Itisprobablyeasierforteachersthanforstudentstoappreciatethereasons,也许老师比学生更容易理解，whylearningEnglishseemstobecomeincreasinglydifficultoncethebasicstructuresandpatternsofthelanguagehavebeenunderstood.为什么学生在掌握了英语基本结构和句型后英语学习反而变得越来越困难了。Studentsarenaturallysurprisedanddisappointedtodiscoverthataprocesswhichoughttobecomesimplerdoesnotappeartodoso.学生们自然感到惊奇并失望地发现本来应该变得越来越容易的学习过程却完全不是那么回事。Itmaynotseemmuchconsolationtopointoutthattheteacher,too,学生们并不感到多少安慰，在知道老师becomesfrustratedwhenhiseffortsappeartoproducelessobviousresults.在其努力所产生的效果似乎不及一开始明显也会灰心丧气。Hefindsthatstudentswhowereeasytoteach,他发现那些学生很容易去教，becausetheysucceededinputtingeverythingtheyhadbeentaughtintopractice,因为他们能把所学的知识很快的用于实践。hesitatewhenconfrontedwiththevastuntounchedareaofEnglishvocabularyandusagewhichfallsoutsidethescopeofbasictextbooks.可现在，他们却面对前阶段中从未学过的大量生词，惯用法显得踌躇不前。Heseesthemstrugglingbecausethelanguagetheythoughttheyknewnowappearstoconsistofabewilderingvarietyofidioms,他看到学生们在艰难地努力着，因为他们以前认为已经认识的语言现在似乎充满了令人头昏眼花的成语，clichesandacceptedphraseswithdifferentmeaningsindifferentcontexts.陈旧用语以及在不同上下文中有不同含义的惯用词组。ItishardtoconvincethemthattheyarestillmakingprogresstowardsfluencyandthattheirEnglishiscertaintoimprove,要想让他们相信他们仍朝着精通的方向发展，他们英语就一定提高是很困难的。giventimeanddedication.并且，只要肯花时间和持之以恒，Insuchcircumstancesitishardlysurprisingthatsomegiveupindisgust,有些学生在此情况下厌恶地放弃了学习，这并不出人意外；whileothersstillwaithopefullyfortheteachertogivethemthesameconfidentguidancehewasabletoofferthematfirst.同时，另一些学生仍然充满希望地盼着老师象开始时那样给他们以满怀信心的指导。Theteacher,forhispart,frequentlyreducedtotryingtoexplaintheinexplicable,从教师这方面看，由于往往不得不去讲解一些无法说清楚的东西，maytakerefugeinquotingproverbstohiscolleaguessuchas:Youcanleadahorsetowaterbutyoucan'tmakehimdrink,他常常会对同事们引用一些谚语权充台阶，比如：“你能牵马河边走，马不饮水你自愁，”or,morerespectfullyiflessgrammatically:Itain'twhatyousay.或说得比较尊重对方但语法并不严谨：“倒不在乎说什么，It'sthewaythatyousayit.关键瞧您怎么说。”Hisstudentsmightfeelinclinedtocounterthesewith:ThemoreIlearn,thelessIknow.他的学生则会反唇相讥道：“我越学越糊涂。”Ofcoursethisisnottrue.事实当然并非如此。Whatbothstudentsandteachersareexperiencingistherecognitionthatthemorecomplexstructuresoneencountersinalanguagearenotasvitaltomakingoneselfunderstood.师生们正体验着一种共识，即学习中遇到的较复杂的语言结构在表达思想中并非至关重要，andsohavealessimmediatefieldofapplication.因此也就少有可能立刻派上用场。Forthesamereason,fromtheteacher'spointofview,selectingwhatshouldbetaughtbecomesamoredifficulttask.出于同样的理由，在老师看来，恰当地选择教材变得更困难了。Itismucheasiertogetfoodofanykindthantochoosethedishyouwouldmostliketoeatonagivendayfromavastmenu.任选一种食品比从品种繁多的菜单上单挑一道在某个特定日子里你想吃的菜要容易多了。Definingtheproblemiseasierthanprovidingthesolution.界定问题易于找出答案。OnecansuggestthatstudentsshouldspendtwoorthreeyearsinanEnglish-speakingcountry,你可建议学生去讲英语的国家住两三年，whichamountstowashingone'shandsofthem.这等于撒手不管他们。Fewstudentshavethetimeorthemoneytodothat.没有几个学生陪得起时间花得起钱。Itisoftensaidthatwidereadingisthebestalternativecourseofactionbutevenhereitisnecessarytomakesomekindofselection.常言道：广泛阅读是最佳替代办法，但读书也应有所选择。Itisnousetellingstudentstogotothelibraryandpickupthefirstbooktheycomeacross.让学生走进图书馆随便拿起他们遇到的第一本书就读，这是无用的。Myownadvicetothemwouldbe:我会这样劝他们；readwhatyoucanunderstandwithouthavingtolookupwordsinadictionary(butnotwhatyoucanunderstandataglance);“读无需查字典就懂的书（但并非过眼即懂的书），readwhatinterestsyou;读你感兴趣的书；readwhatyouhavetimefor(magazinesandnewspapersratherthannovelsunlessyoucanreadthewholenovelinaweekorso);读时间允许的书（杂志和报纸，而不是长篇小说，除非你能在一周左右读完它）；readtheEnglishwrittentoday,not200yearsago;读现在写的文章，而不是二百年前的文章；readasmuchasyoucanandtrytorememberthewayitwaswrittenratherthanindividualwordsthatpuzzledyou.读得尽量多一些，并尽量记住写作方法，而不要拘泥于令你困惑的个别单词。Andinsteadofread,Icouldjustaswellsaylistento.并且，代之以“读文章”，你应该“听文章”。Myadvicetoteacherswouldbesimilarinaway.从某种意义上说，我对教师的劝告也是相同的。IwouldsayIt'snogoodthinkingthatanythingwilldo,我会说：“最好不要认为学什么都可以，orthatalllanguageisuseful.或任何语言都有用。It'snogoodrelyingonstudentstoexpressthemselveswithouttherighttoolsforexpression.让学生没有掌握表达方法就去表达自己的思想是无益的。It'sstillyourdutytochoosethebestpathtofollownearthetopofthemountainjustasitwastoproposeapracticableshort-cutawayfromthebeatentrackinthefoothills.正象在山脚下你弃老路而择近道一样，在距山顶不远处你也仍应尽心尽责为他们指一条攀顶之最佳路线。Andifthepathyouchooseistooovergrowntomakefurtherprogress,如果你选的路线荆棘丛生，难以举步，thewholepartywillhavetogobackandyouwillhavetochooseanotherroute.全队则需返回，你应另择佳途。Youarestillthepaidguideandexpertandthereisawaytothetopsomewhere.你仍是雇用向导和登山专家，总能找到一条登顶之路。UnitTwo第二单元Beginningwiththeearlisetpioneers,从最早的先驱者开始，Americanshavealwayshighlyvaluedtheirfreedoms,andfoughthardtoprotectthem.美国人已经有了很贵重的自由，他们为了保护它们努力地战斗。An