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（book4）Unit1Theicydefender冰雪卫士WordsandExpressions1.raw:adj.coldandwet;notcooked,refined,processed,organizedoranalyzed*TheeventtookplaceonarawFebruarymorning.这块砧板是专门用来切生肉的。（Thiscuttingboardisonlyusedtocutrawmeat.）2.launch:vt.1)startBeginningintheearly1960s,humanslaunchedprobes（探查，研究）toexploreotherplanets.2)send(sth.)onitscourse发射*OnOctober4,1957,Sovietscientistslaunchedtheworld’sfirstartificialsatellite,calledSputnik.Collocation:launchanattack(against)发动进攻launchamassivecampaign发动一场大规模的运动launchacompany开一家公司launchthreatsatsb.向某人发出威胁3.efficient:adj.workingwell,quicklyandwithoutwaste雇佣未受良好训练的工人效果是不会好的。（Itisnotefficienttohirepoorlytrainedworkers.）4.conquest:n.conquering,defeatHitlerbadlymiscalculatedwhenheassumedtheconquestoftheUSSRwouldbesimple.1939年德国征服了波兰。（Theyear1939hadwitnessedtheconquestofPolandbyGermany.）5.retreat:v.movebackorwithdrawwhenfacedwithdangerordifficulty我们采取如下策略：敌进我退，敌退我追。（Weadoptedthefollowingstrategies:Whentheenemyadvances,weretreat:whentheyretreat,wepursue.）6.engage:vt.1)beginfightingwithsb.他们与敌人交战。（Theyengagedtheenemy.）2)drawinto;involve*Wetriedtoengagehiminourconversation,butinvain.3)attractsb.’sinterest*Wefailedtoengageanyactivesupportforourproject.他善良的性情吸引每个人。(Hisgoodnatureengageseveryone.)4)occupy工作占去她很多时间。(Workengagesmuchofhertime.)Pattern：engage(sb.)insth.:(causeto)takepartinsth.*Theyarecurrentlyengagedinlengthytradenegotiations.*Theteachertriedtoengagetheshyboyinconversation.7.crucial:adj.veryimportant(followedbyto)*Amazingly,oursoccerteamwonthevictoryinthecrucialfinalgame.增强消费者信心是经济复苏的关键。(Improvedconsumerconfidenceiscrucialtoeconomicrecovery.)CF:crucial,critical&decisive这三个词都是形容词,都有“紧要的,紧迫的,重要的”之意。crucial意为决定性的、极重要的，指对关键性事物不断增长的缺乏或需求，或需求紧急情况或危急转折关头。例如：*Wemustpayattentiontothiscrucialtest.我们必须重视这次决定性的试验。critical意为决定性的,与crucial相似，但表示对缺乏程度更精确的估计。在转折关头时比crucial表现出更大的严重性。例如：*Thepatient’sconditioniscritical.病人情况危急。decisive意思是决定性的、果断的，只有重要、特殊或决定性效果。例如：*Ourairforcesweredecisiveinwinningthewar.我们的空军对打赢这场战争有决定性的贡献。8.takeagamble:takearisk*Thecompanytookagamblebycuttingthepriceoftheirproducts,anditpaidoff.Ithinkshe’stakingagambleinvestingallhermoneyinstocks.）9.presson/ahead:continuedoingsth.inadeterminedway(usedinthepattern:presson/ahead(withsth.))*Ourschoolauthoritiesarekeentopressonwitheducationalreform.Organizersofthestrikearedeterminedtopresson.10.bideone’stime:waitpatientlyforachance*Hispoliticalrivalsarebidingtheirtimeforanattackonhispolicies.*HebidedhistimeuntilHarvardUniversityofferedhimaprofessorship.11.dragon:moveslowlyandwitheffort;continueendlesslyandtediously*Thesecompensationcaseshavealreadydraggedonforoneyear.这个会还要拖多久？(Howmuchlongeristhemeetinggoingtodragon?)12.atthecostof:withthelossof*Thelocalgovernmentdevelopeditseconomybutatthecostofenvironment.比尔为救约翰付出了自己的生命。(BillsavedJohnatthecostofhisownlife.)13.catchsb.offguard:takesb.bysurprise*Theinvitationtohisweddingcaughtmeoffguard.Themanagerdidn’tknowwhattosay.Itwasclearthatmyquestionhadcaughthimoffguard.14.instruct:vt.1)giveordersordirectionsto(sb.)我奉命在这里等老师来。(I’vebeeninstructedtowaithereuntiltheteacherarrives.)Pattern:instructsb.todosth.;instructsb.That…2)teach(sb.)*Heinstructedfamilymembersinnursingtechniques.他们教给了我做这项工作的最好办法。(Theyinstructedmeinthebestwaysofdoingthejob.)Pattern:instructsb.in/onsth15.render:vt.cause(sb./sth.)tobeinaspecifiedcondition(sameasmake)*Hewasrenderedunconsciousbyablowonthebackoftheneck.地震导致成百上千的人无家可归。(Hundredsofpeoplewererenderedhomelessbytheearthquake.)16.casualty:n.apersonwhoiskilledorinjuredinwarorinanaccidentTheprecisenumberofcasualtiesinyesterday’sbombexplosionisnotknown.17.bringtoahalt:stopcompletelyAirtrafficinPolandhadbeenbroughttoahaltbyanairtrafficcontrollers’strike.我们的旅行因风暴而终止。（Ourjourneywasbroughttoahaltbyastorm.）18offensive:1.n.aggressiveaction,attack*TheRedArmybroughtitswinteroffensivetoasuccessfulconclusion.红军发动全面的军事攻击。（TheRedArmyledamassivemilitaryoffensive.）2.adj.oforaboutattack;causingoffense;unpleasant这支进攻的军队很快地赢得了阵地。（Theoffensivetroopsgainedgroundquickly.）*Myneighborisreallyanoffensiveperson.Healwaysplaysthepianodeepintothenight.19.reckon:v.count;consider;think许多人认为他是一位伟大的篮球运动员。（Manypeoplereckonhimtobeagreatbasketballplayer.）常用的搭配：bereckonedwith:betakenintoconsiderationAlltheseproblemshadtobereckonedwithastheyarose.20.toll:wartoll战争伤亡人数takeaheavytoll造成重大伤亡（或损失）Theearthquaketookaheavytollonseveralvillages.这次地震给几个村庄造成重大损失。KeytotheExs.P14-17VocabularyI1.1)alliance2)atthecostof3)stroke4)limp5)minus6)region7)declarations8)siege9)raw10)bideone’stime11)havetakentheirtoll12)inthecaseof2.1)isfacedwith2)getboggeddown3)ispressingon/pressedon4)dragon5)getby6)dineout7)havecutback8)getthrough3.1)…leadtotheconquestofcancerinthenearfuture.2)…hasbeenbroughttoahaltbythedelayedarrivalofrawmaterialduetothedockworkers’strike.3)…will/shouldnevergetinthewayofhercareer.4)…caughttheforeignministeroffguard.5)…oftheelectroniccalculatorhasrendertheslideruleoutofdate.4.1)(Being)facedwith;theoccupation;regions2)crucialto;efficient;toreckonwith;weaken;bebroughttoahalt3)aheroic;thedecisive;turnthetide;siege;bylaunchin