太阳能电池板最大功率点跟踪技术的比较

IEEETRANSACTIONSONENERGYCONVERSION,VOL.22,NO.2,JUNE2007ComparisonofPhotovoltaicArrayMaximumPowerPointTrackingTechniques光伏阵列最大功率点跟踪技术的比较TrishanEsram,StudentMember,IEEE,andPatrickL.Chapman,SeniorMember,IEEEAbstract—Themanydifferenttechniquesformaximumpowerpointtrackingofphotovoltaic(PV)arraysarediscussed.Thetechniquesaretakenfromtheliteraturedatingbacktotheearliestmethods.Itisshownthatatleast19distinctmethodshavebeenintroducedintheliterature,withmanyvariationsonimplementation.ThispapershouldserveasaconvenientreferenceforfutureworkinPVpowergeneration.摘要：关于光伏阵列最大功率点跟踪的许多不同技术的讨论，著作中的这些方法都可以追溯到最早的方法。结果表明至少有19种方法已经在著作中被介绍，有许多已经实现变形。本文应该对将来的光伏发电工作提供一个方便的参考。IndexTerms—Maximumpowerpointtracking(MPPT),photovoltaic(PV).索引词—最大功率点跟踪，光伏。I.INTRODUCTIONI．简介TRACKINGthemaximumpowerpoint(MPP)ofaphotovoltaic(PV)arrayisusuallyanessentialpartofaPVsystem.Assuch,manyMPPtracking(MPPT)methodshavebeendevelopedandimplemented.Themethodsvaryincomplexity,sensorsrequired,convergencespeed,cost,rangeofeffectiveness,implementationhardware,popularity,andinotherrespects.Theyrangefromthealmostobvious(butnotnecessarilyineffective)tothemostcreative(notnecessarilymosteffective).Infact,somanymethodshavebeendevelopedthatithasbecomedifficulttoadequatelydeterminewhichmethod,newlyproposedorexisting,ismostappropriateforagivenPVsystem.跟踪光伏阵列的最大功率点通常是光伏系统的主要部分，鉴于此许多最大功率点跟踪方式已经被开发和实现。这些方法各不相同，如复杂程度、传感器需要、收敛速度、花费、范围的有效性、硬件实现、普及程度以及其他方面。他们几乎涵盖了所有的从平淡无奇（但是不一定不起作用）到最具创造性（不一定都有效）。事实上，由于许多的方式已经被开发，在新提出的或是现存的方法中，对于给定的光伏系统准确的决定最适合方式的变的困难GiventhelargenumberofmethodsforMPPT,asurveyofthemethodswouldbeverybeneficialtoresearchersandpractitionersinPVsystems.Fig.1showsthetotalnumberofMPPTpapersfromourbibliographyperyearsincetheearliestMPPTpaperwefound.Thenumberofpapersperyearhasgrownconsiderablyofthelastdecadesandremainsstrong.However,recentpapershavegenerallyhadshorter,morecursoryliteraturereviewsthatlargelysummarizeorrepeattheliteraturereviewsofpreviouswork.ThisapproachtendstorepeatwhatseemstobeconventionalwisdomthatthereareonlyahandfulofMPPTtechniques,wheninfacttherearemany.ThisisduetothesheervolumeofMPPTliteraturetoreview,conflictingwiththeneedforIEEETRANSACTIONSONENERGYCONVERSION,VOL.22,NO.2,JUNE2007brevity.鉴于大量的方法来研究MPPT，在光伏系统中采用调查的方法对研究人员和实践者都是非常有益的。图一给出了自从我们发现最早MPPT论文以来每年我们文献目录中MPPT论文的总数目，最近几十年论文的数量已有了长足的发展并且发展仍然很强劲。然而，最近的论文普遍较短，更多粗略的文学评论以致大量的总结或重复前人的总结工作。这种重复方式似乎是传统的智慧，以至于只有很少的MPPT技术，但事实上有很多。这是由于有大量的公开的MPPT文献回顾与简洁的需求相冲突。ThissurveyisasinglereferenceofthegreatmajorityofpapersandtechniquespresentedonMPPT.Wecompiledover90paperspertainingtodifferentMPPTmethodspublisheduptothedateofsubmissionofthismanuscript.Itisnotourintentiontoestablishaliteralchronologyofwhenvarioustechniqueswereproposed,sincethepublicationdateisnotnecessarilyindicativeofwhenamethodwasactuallyconceived.Asistypicalofreviewpapers,wehaveelectednottoreferencepatents.PapersreferencingMPPTmethodsfrompreviouspaperswithoutanymodificationorimprovementhavealsobeenomitted.Itispossiblethatoneormorepaperswereunintentionallyomitted.Weapologizeifanimportantmethodorimprovementwasleftout.这个调查参考了绝大多数提出MPPT的论文和技术。我们收集了超过90篇关于MPPT不同方法的论文的手稿提交的日期。我们的意图不是当不同的技术被提出时建立一个文字年代，因为出版日期不能表明一种方法是什么时间构思的。作为典型的评论性文章，我们推选不涉及专利。如果论文中所涉及的MPPT的方法来自以前的论文而没有任何的修改和改善，则论文将被忽略。一篇或更多的论文被无意识的遗漏也是可能的，如果是一种重要的方法或改进被遗漏，我们表示歉意。ManuscriptreceivedSeptember24,2004;revisedSeptember8,2005.ThisworkwassupportedbytheNationalScienceFoundationECS-01-34208.Paperno.TEC-00276-2004.TheauthorsarewiththeGraingerCenterforElectricMachineryandElectromechanics,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign,Urbana,IL61801-2918USA(e-mail:[e-mail];[e-mail]).DigitalObjectIdentifier10.1109/TEC.2006.874230Fig.1.TotalnumberofMPPTpapersperyear,since1968.Thismanuscriptstepsthroughawidevarietyofmethodswithabriefdiscussionandcategorizationofeach.Wehaveavoideddiscussingslightmodificationsofexistingmethodsasdistinctmethods.Forexample,amethodmayhavebeenfirstpresentedincontextofaboostconverter,butlateronshownwithaboostbuckconverter,otherwisewithminimalchange.TheIEEETRANSACTIONSONENERGYCONVERSION,VOL.22,NO.2,JUNE2007manuscriptconcludeswithadiscussiononthedifferentmethodsbasedontheirimplementation,thesensorsrequired,theirabilitytodetectmultiplelocalmaxima,theircosts,andapplicationstheysuit.Atablethatsummarizesthemajorcharacteristicsofthemethodsisalsoprovided.这份手稿通过各种各样的方式进行简要的讨论和分类，我们讨论将稍加修改已经存在的方法作为独特的方法认为无效。例如，一种方法第一次已经在boost升压电路中提出，但之后又在升降压变换电路中提出，除此之外，几乎没有变化。手稿以实现不同方式结束，根据他们的实现、所需要的传感器、检测最大值的能力、成本和适合的应用程序。我们提供了一个总结主要方法特征的表格。II.PROBLEMOVERVIEWII.问题概述Fig.2showsthecharacteristicpowercurveforaPVarray.TheproblemconsideredbyMPPTtechniquesistoautomaticallyfindthevoltageVMPPorcurrentIMPPatwhichaPVarrayshouldoperatetoobtainthemaximumpoweroutputPMPPunderagiventemperatureandirradiance.Itisnotedthatunderpartialshadingconditions,insomecasesitispossibletohavemultiplelocalmaxima,butoverallthereisstillonlyonetrueMPP.Mosttechniquesrespondtochangesinbothirradianceandtemperature,butsomearespecificallymoreusefuliftemperatureisapproximatelyconstant.Mosttechniqueswouldautomaticallyrespondt