8从哈尼梯田看传统农业的现实意义

闵庆文中科院地理资源所自然与文化遗产研究中心FAOGIAHS中国项目办公室[e-mail]从哈尼梯田看传统农业的现实意义——兼谈GIAHS及其在中国的执行TwofactsMoreandmoreseriousdroughtdisastersinSouthwestChinaTheexcellentperformanceoftheHaniRiceTerracesinseveredroughtin2009-2010DroughtsinHistory1300-1988:210droughtyearswithin689years•84severe-droughtyears•126medium-droughtyears•1droughtyearevery3years•1severe-droughtyearevery8yearsBefore1979,onesevere-droughtoccuredevery9years;afterthenoccurredeveryyear.(XIEYingqi,HUANGHuaqiu,ZHAOHuazhu.1994.AnAnalysisofDroughtinYunnan.JournalofYunnanUniversity.16(1):69-73.)Analysisbasedonthedatafrom124weatherstationsinYunnanprovinceshowedthatduringthelast40yearstheaverageannualprecipitationdecreasedabout50mm;andtheaverageannualairtemperatureincreasedabout0.8℃.(Liuetal.,2010)SouthwestDroughtinChina,2009-2010•FromSep.2009toApr.2010,SouthwesternChinasufferedonce-a-centuryseriousdrought.ThedroughtaffectedmostplacesinSouthwestChina,includingYunnan,Sichuan,Guizhou,GuangxiandChongqing.•Duringthedrought,rainfallintheworst-hitareaofYunnanwasthelowestinhalfacentury.Itleavemorethan25.95millionpeopleand18.44millionlivestockwithdrinkingwatershortagesaswellas8.07millionhaofarableland.Southwestdroughtcausedgreateconomiclosseswithstandingat19billionyuan($2.8billion).TheraredroughtinChina’ssouthwesternareashascloseconnectionwithglobalwarming.(LIUJian-gangetal.,2011)(Huangetal.2011.DiagnosisoftheSevereDroughtinAutumn/Winter2009-2010inYunnanProvince.TROPICALGEOGRAPHY.31(1):28-33.)DroughtDistributioninYunnanMiraclesofHaniRiceTerracesHongheHaniandYiAutonomousPrefectureisoneofthemostdroughtarea,however,theHaniRiceTerracesstillhadplentyofwatertomeetthedifferentdemands.AccordingtoStatisticBureauofYunnanProvince,thetotalgrainyieldofHonghePrefecturewassurprisinglynotaffectedbythedroughtdisasterandevenmoreamazingisthatthetotalgrainyieldinHaniRiceTerraceshadrisenfor1-2%.Thisincrediblephenomenonattractsmanyscientistsandmedia.CCTV-1“FocusInterview”:Anti-Drought:InspirationfromHaniRiceTerracesCCTV-7“AgriculturalSci.&Tech.”:SecretofHaniRiceTerracesCCTV-10“ChineseGeography”:LadderstotheHeavenSpectacularWondersAboutHaniRiceTerracesAlonghistoryformorethan1300years.OnlyinHonghePrefecture,itcoversanareaofabout70,000ha.ItwaslistedinthecandidatecatalogueofWorldCulturalHeritagein2006,intheNationalWetlandParksListin2007,andintheGIAHSListin2010.WeshouldstudythescientificmechanismshiddeninthebeautifulandspectacularsystemanddeeplyunderstandtheHaniRiceTerraces:landscape,biodiversity,culture,soilandwatermanagement……FourreasonstorelievetheseveredroughtRationaleco-landscapestructureSuitablewaterconservationwoodsPerfectwatersystemIngeniouswatermanagementapproaches“Forest-Village-Terrace-River”Landscape(“Four-in-One”System)Rationaleco-landscapeSuitablewaterconservationwoods•Forestsonthetopofthemountainsarehelpfulinwaterconservationthroughinterception,stemflowandsoilstoragewhichalteredthespatialpatternofrainfallbelowthecanopy,influencedinfiltratingwaterandconservationofwatersupply.ElevationForestVillageTerraceRiverAlder(Alnusnepalensis),aspecialanddominanttreespeciesplaysanimportantroleinwaterconservationthroughitsuniquerootnodulesandwelldevelopedrootsystems.Inafieldexperiment,asmallpuddlewasdugonthegroundundertheAlnusnepalensistrees,after2hoursthepuddlewasfullofwater,whichsuccessfullyproveditshighwaterretention.PerfectwatersystemTheHanipeopleutilizeandmanagewaterresourcesinaunique,simple,economicalandefficientmanner.“Ditch-leader-system”and“Carved-Stone-water”ensureequitableandlogicalwaterdistributionforirrigationandflowfromoneplottoanother.IngeniouswatermanagementTheHaniworshipofnatureultimatelyembodiesintheworshipofthetree.Hanirespecttreesasgodssafeguardingandblessingthem.Thereareatleastoneplotofmagicwoodsorsacredforestsinavillage.InHani,treerepresentsthenatureandthereareaseriesofannualreligiousactivitiesworshipingthetreedeity.WaterBalanceAnalysis(QuanfuVillagesmallwatershed)全福庄小流域的2005-2006降水量为1555.8mm,蒸发量为929.4mmWaterBalanceEquationQr＋Qg＝Qd＋Qe＋Qt＋Qp＋QrQr——InputWater,includingrainfall,fogs,etc.Qg——GroundWaterQd——DischargeWateroutofthewatershedQe——EvapotranspirationQt——WaterstorageinTerracesQp——WaterStorageinPondsQr——WaterStorageinReservoirsQr＋Qg=(10.4475+4.0981)*104m3/a=14.5456*106m3/aQd＋Qe＋Qt＋Qp＋Qr=(10.9896+2.5372+0.5460+0.1820+0.0567)*103m3/a＝14.3115*103m3/aOneinspirationTraditional(agricultural)knowledge(system)doesn’tmeanslegbehindwhichcouldprovideusefulreferencesformodernagriculturaldevelopment.GLOBALLYIMPORTANTAGRICULTURALHERITAGESYSTEMSWhatareGIAHS?“Remarkablelandusesystemsandlandscapeswhicharerichinbiologicaldiversityevolvingfromtheco-adaptationofaruralcommunity/populationwithitsenvironmentanditsneedsandaspirationsforsustainabledevelopment(FAO,2002)”HOW?AtGloballevelbyidentification,selectionandrecognitionofGIAHSthroughapriorinformedconsentandpolicycommitmentAtNationallevelbycapacitybuildinginpolicy,regulatoryandincentivemechanismstosafeguardtheseoutstandingsystemsandusethemassustainabilitybenchmarksystemsAtLocalLevelbyempowermentoflocalcommu