非谓语动词之不定式讲义一、分析下面例句的结构Idecidetostudyhard.二、动词不定式的构成不定式的基本形式:to+动词原形,有时可以不用to。这里的to是不定式符号,本身无词义。动词不定式的否定形式是“not(+to)+动词原形”。不定式具有动词的特点,即可以有自己的宾语和状语,但它没有人称和数的变化1.不定式作主语不定式作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数TospeakEnglishisnoteasyforus.Togettherebyundergroundwilltakeawholeday..为了保持句子平衡,常常用it作形式主语,而把不定式放在后面常见的结构有:①Itbe+adj(+for/of)+动词不定式Itisveryimportantforustoprotecttheenvironment.↓(表示事物或动作性质)Itisverycleveroftodoitlikethat.↓(表示人的品质、特征)②Ittakes/tooksb+时间+动词不定式Ittakesmeanhourtofinishmyhomework.③Itis+名词+动词不定式Itismyhonortogivethespeechforyou.2.不定式作宾语(1)一些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语,常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望的,如wouldlike,want,wish,hope,decide,plan,expect等Wouldyouliketoseeafilmthisevening?Ihopetoachievemydreaminthefuture.(2)在find,think后跟不定式作宾语时,常用it做形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放在后面IfinditeasytoreadEnglisheveryday.3.不定式作表语(1)一般情况,不定式作表语,起到对主语中心名词性质和内容的一个说明Myaimistogetthefirstplace.Hisideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorth.(2)当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义往往是主语是条件,表语是结果,如:Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.Todothatwouldbetocutthefoottofittheshoe.3.不定式作宾语补足语宾语补足语有些及物动词,接了宾语意义仍不完整,还需要有一个其他的句子成分来补充说明宾语的状态、意义等。放于宾语之后。不定式作宾语补足语时与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系Lucyaskedhimtoturndowntheradio.tell,ask,want,get,wouldlike,encourage后常跟动词不定式作宾补注意:在make,let,see,hear,watch等使役、感官动词后,不定式省略to(但在被动语态中不能省略)Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.=Theyweremade_______thewholenightbytheboss.4.不定式作定语(1)不定式作定语时,应放在名词之后。它与名词有逻辑上的被动关系。Doyouhavesomefoodtoeat?(2)如果是不及物动词,且与所修饰的词之间有被动关系,要在不定式后加上适当的介词Thereisnothingtoworryabout.5.不定式常和疑问词what,which,when,where,how连用,相当于一个宾语从句Theteacheristellingthestudentswhattodo.(whattodo=whattheyshoulddo)6.不定式作状语动词不定式作状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,通常表示目的、原因、结果等。(1)表示目的Theyranovertowelcomethedelegates.常用结构有:A.inordertoIwenttothepostofficeinordertomailaletter.B.soastoWehadbetterstartearlysoastocatchthetrain.(2)表示结果A.so...asto...Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle?B.such...asto...I’mnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.C.enoughtoTheboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.D.too...to...Theboxistooheavytocarry.当too前面有only时,onlytoo...to译为肯定Iamonlytoopleasedtohelpyou.当不定式前有表否定意义的词时,译为肯定Wearenevertoooldtolearn.Heistoosmartnottoseeyourpoint.(很...所以不会不....)E.onlytodo表示一种意想不到的或者不愉快的结果Wewenttothetrainstationonlytofindthatthetrainhadleft.(3)表示原因不定式在某些形容词后表示喜怒哀乐的原因Iamsosorrytohearthebadnews.易错点注意:1.不定式和含有介词to的固定短语的区别遇到下列短语注意,其中的to是介词,后面加名词、代词或动词ingmakeacontributiontodevote...to...lookforwardto...prefer..to..get/beusedto...payattentionto...2.在某些句型中,当主语部分有动作动词do时,作表语的不定式可以省略to,如:Allwehavetodoispushthebutton.TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.3.but连接的前后两个动作,如果前面有动作动词是do则后面动作用省略to的不定式;如果前面没有动作动词do则后面动作用含to的不定式,即有do无to,有to无do。Hehadnochoicebuttopaythebill.Shecoulddonothingbutstandandwonder