厦大美国文学文学常识与词条解释

一、文学常识；选择题；10×1’1WalterWaltWhitmanwasanAmericanpoet,essayistandjournalist.Ahumanist,hewasapartofthetransitionbetweentranscendentalismandrealism,incorporatingbothviewsinhisworks.WhitmanisamongthemostinfluentialpoetsintheAmericancanon,oftencalledthefatheroffreeverse.Hisworkwasverycontroversialinitstime,particularlyhispoetrycollectionLeavesofGrass,whichwasdescribedasobsceneforitsovertsexuality.Earlyinhiscareer,healsoproducedatemperancenovel,FranklinEvans(1842).Whitman'smajorwork,LeavesofGrass,wasfirstpublishedin1855withhisownmoney.TheworkwasanattemptatreachingouttothecommonpersonwithanAmericanepic.Whitmanwasconcernedwithpoliticsthroughouthislife.HesupportedtheWilmotProvisoandopposedtheextensionofslaverygenerally.Hispoetrypresentedanegalitarianviewoftheraces,thoughhisattitudeinlifereflectedmanyoftheracialprejudicescommontonineteenth-centuryAmericaandhisoppositiontoslaverywasnotnecessarilybasedonbeliefintheequalityofracesperse.Atonepointhecalledfortheabolitionofslavery,butlaterhesawtheabolitionistmovementasathreattodemocracy.2EmilyElizabethDickinsonwasanAmericanpoet.WhileDickinsonwasaprolificprivatepoet,fewerthanadozenofhernearly1,800poemswerepublishedduringherlifetime.Theworkthatwaspublishedduringherlifetimewasusuallyalteredsignificantlybythepublisherstofittheconventionalpoeticrulesofthetime.Dickinson'spoemsareuniquefortheerainwhichshewrote;theycontainshortlines,typicallylacktitles,andoftenuseslantrhymeaswellasunconventionalcapitalizationandpunctuation.Manyofherpoemsdealwiththemesofdeathandimmortality,tworecurringtopicsinletterstoherfriends.Herfirstcollectionofpoetrywaspublishedin1890bypersonalacquaintancesThomasWentworthHigginsonandMabelLoomisTodd,bothofwhomheavilyeditedthecontent.Acompleteandmostlyunalteredcollectionofherpoetrybecameavailableforthefirsttimein1955whenscholarThomasH.JohnsonpublishedThePoemsofEmilyDickinson.Despitesomeunfavorablereviewsandsomeskepticismduringthelate19thandearly20thcenturyaboutDickinson'sliteraryprowess,DickinsonisnowalmostuniversallyconsideredtobeoneofthemostimportantAmericanpoets.绪论：一、殖民时期二、革命与建国时期三、浪漫主义主义时期3爱默生：超验主义奠基人4梭罗惠特曼荻金森5霍桑6梅尔维尔7爱伦坡四、现实主义时期8豪威尔斯9马克吐温：TheMirrorofAmericaHemingwayalsowroteinthesameessay:AllmodernAmericanliteraturecomesfromonebookbyMarkTwaincalledAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1884)（TheGreatAmericanNovel）TwainwasamasteratrenderingcolloquialspeechandhelpedtocreateandpopularizeadistinctiveAmericanliteraturebuiltonAmericanthemesandlanguage10亨利詹姆斯二、名词解释；5×4’TranscendentalismTranscendentalismwasareligiousandphilosophicalmovementthatdevelopedduringthelate1820sand1830sintheEasternregionoftheUnitedStatesasaprotestagainstthegeneralstateofspiritualityand,inparticular,thestateofintellectualismatHarvardUniversityandthedoctrineoftheUnitarianchurchastaughtatHarvardDivinitySchool.CenteredaroundRalphWaldoEmerson,itencompassescomplexideas;itsbeliefsaretingedwithacertainmysticism;andsignificantdifferencesofinterpretationexistedamongpeoplewhoconsideredthemselvesTranscendentalists.ThecorebeliefsofTranscendentalistsgenerallyinclude:TheimportanceofadirectrelationshipwithGodandwithnature.Beliefinakindofcosmicunitybetweenmankind,God,andnature—sometimescalledtheOversoul—whichisadivinespiritormindpresentineachandeverypersonandinallofnature.Asenseofdignityandimportanceofhumanactivityasexpressionsofthedivine.Andabeliefinanindividual’spowertobringaboutpersonalimprovementandsocialchangeinharmonywithGod’spurposes.Thebeliefthattruthisinnateinallofcreationandthatknowledgeoftruthisintuitive.Theywerecriticsoftheircontemporarysocietyforitsunthinkingconformity,andurgedthateachindividualfind,inEmerson’swords,“anoriginalrelationtotheuniverse”.EmersonandThoreausoughtthisrelationinsolitudeamidstnature,andintheirwriting.AutobiographyAstorythatapersonwritesabouthisorherownlifeiscalledanautobiography.Autobiographiesarewritteninfirst-personpointofview,andbiographiesarewritteninthird-personpointofview.RealismRealismispartoftherealistartmovementbeginningwithmidnineteenth-centuryFrenchliterature,andRussianliteratureandextendingtothelatenineteenthandearlytwentieth-century.againstRomanticismpavedthewaytoModernismAtitsbasiclevel,realismwasgroundedinthefaithfulreportingofallfacetsofeverydayAmericanlife.CharacteristicsofAmericanRealism1.truthfuldescriptionoflife2.typicalcharacterundertypicalcircumstances3.objectiveratherthanidealized,closeobservationandinvestigationoflife(“realistic”)4.concernedwithsocialandpsychologicalproblems5.open-ending:leavesmuchroomforreaderstothinkbythemselves6.optimistictoneRomanticismRomanticismwasanartistic,literary,andintellectualmovementthatoriginatedinEuropetowardtheendofthe18thcenturyandinmostareaswasatitspeakintheapproximateperiodfrom1800to1850.Whichischaracterizedbytheemphasison:1)theimagination,intuitionandsubjectivity,2)freedomofthoughtandexpression,3)anidealizationofnature.LocalColorRegionalismLocalcolororregionalliteratureisfictionandpoetrythatfocusesonthecharacters,dialect,customs,topography,andotherfeaturesparticulartoaspecificregion.ColloquialismAcolloquialismisaword,