城市社会学试题汇总

1城市社会学复习题我们在实际背的时候发现很多题还不太完善，请自行酌情更改……前言3、Howdidclassicsociologistsunderstandurbanism城市性?a.Urbanismisafunctionofpopulationdensity(人口密度),sizeandheterogeneity[,hetərəudʒi'ni:əti](异质化).b.Secondaryrelationshipsreplaceprimarycontacts.c.Peoplearenotgenerallyknowntoothersasindividuals.d.Warmemotionalismisreplacedbycoldrationalism.e.Peoplearenotjudgedasindividualsbutinrelationtohowwelltheyperformtheirroles.第一章2、Physicalandsocialstructureofcitystate,anditshistoricalsignificancetothedevelopmentofhumansociety.a.Itisanindependentpoliticalunitconsistingofacityandsurroundingcountryside.b.Thecity-statehadgreatinfluenceonthefollowingpoliticsbecauseitstraditionofdemocracy[di'mɔkrəsi].Citizenshadtherighttovote.Butthecitizenshipwaslimitedtothosebornofcitizensandlimitedbyclassdistinctionandreligion.7.Explainthemeaningsandrelationofthetwoconcepts,“citystate”and“urbannation”.第二章2、ThesevenecologicalprocessesofferedbyMcKenzie.(1)Concentration:Thetendencyforanincreasednumberofpeopleorinstitutionstolocatewithinagivenarea.Itsdegreeismeasuredbydensity.(2)Dispersion:Thetendencyforthenumberofpeopleorinstitutionsinanareatodeclineandismeasuredbydensity.(3)Centralization:Thetendencyforcertainland-usefunctionstocometogetheratanimportantpointinacitytosatisfycommonneeds.(4)Decentralization:Thetendencyofpeopleorfunctiontomoveawayfromapointofpivot.(5)Segregation(隔离):Withinanecologicaldistribution,thereiscompetitionforresourcesandadvantageouslocation.Oneconsequenceofconflictoverlocationisthetendencyforgroupsandinstitutionstogatherincertainareas.The“shifting”ofpopulationandfunctionintoseparatehomogeneous[,hɔmə'dʒi:niəs]areasisregardedassegregation.(6)Invasion:Assumethatthereisasectionofacityoccupiedbyaparticulargroup.Asecondgroupbeginstomoveintotheterritoryanddisplacessomeoftheresidents.Theprocessofmovementofonegroupintoterritoryoccupiedbyanotherisknownasinvasion.2(7)Succession:Ifthesecondgroupdisplacesthefirstandtakeoverthearea,successionissaidtohaveoccurred.3、WhatkindoftrendsofurbangrowtharedescribedandexplainedbyBurgess'sConcentricZoneHypothesis?（1）Tendencytopushoutwardfromthecitycentrewhenthecitygrows.（2）thereisatendencyforthesizeoftheparcelsoflandtoincreaseanddensityofoccupancytodecreaseasdistancefromcentrecityincrease.（3）themovementfromCBDtoZone5involvescertaintime/costtradeoffs.theeconomicvalueoftheland,whichisfarfromthecitycentre,isreduced.4、Whatdothethreemajorclassicecologicalmodelswanttotellus?一：维基百科版答案ThemultiplenucleimodelisanecologicalmodelputforthbyChauncyHarrisandEdwardUllmaninthe1945articleTheNatureofCities.Themodeldescribesthelayoutofacity.Itnotesthatwhileacitymayhavestartedwithacentralbusinessdistrict,similarindustrieswithcommonland-useandfinancialrequirementsareestablishedneareachother.Thesegroupingsinfluencetheirimmediateneighborhood.Hotelsandrestaurantsspringuparoundairports,forexample.Thenumberandkindsofnucleimarkacity'sgrowth.Thetheorywasformedbasedontheideathatpeoplehavegreatermovementduetoincreasedcarownership.Thisincreaseofmovementallowsforthespecializationofregionalcenters(eg.heavyindustry,BusinessPark).ThereisnoclearCBD(CentralBusinessDistrict)inthistypeofmodel.ConcentriczonemodelBasedonhumanecologytheoriesdonebyBurgessandappliedonChicago,itwasthefirsttogivetheexplanationofdistributionofsocialgroupswithinurbanareas.Thisconcentricringmodeldepictsurbanlanduseinconcentricrings:theCentralBusinessDistrict(orCBD)wasinthemiddleofthemodel,andthecityexpandedinringswithdifferentlanduses.ItiseffectivelyanurbanversionofVonThunen'sregionallandusemodeldevelopedacenturyearlier.[2]ItcontrastswithHomerHoyt'ssectormodelandthemultiplenucleimodel.Thezonesidentifiedare:1.ThecenterwastheCBD2.Thetransitionzoneofmixedresidentialandcommercialuses3.Low-classresidentialhomes(innersuburbs),inlaterdecadescalledinnercity4.Betterqualitymiddle-classhomes(OuterSuburbs)5.CommuterszoneThesectormodel,alsoknownastheHoytmodel,isamodelofurbanlanduseproposedin1939byeconomistHomerHoyt.[1]Itisamodificationoftheconcentriczonemodelofcitydevelopment.Thebenefitsoftheapplicationofthismodelincludethefactitallowsforanoutwardprogressionofgrowth.Aswithallsimplemodelsofcomplexphenomenaitsvalidityislimited.二：高老师课件版答案①Burgess’s‘ConcentricZoneTheory’五个同心圆模式Firstconcentricring=Largeofficebldgs.（建筑）.、retailestablishments（零售公司）,andgovernmentalbldgs.（政府建筑）3Secondring=zoneoftransition,（过渡区）lowsocio-economicsector（低社会经济区域）,lightmanufacturing.（轻工业制造）Thirdring=workerswhoworkinzonetwo.Fourthring=highendapartments(高档公寓),singlefamilyhomes,entertainment,commercialestablishments.Fifthring=Commuterszone,suburbs,semiruralareas30-60minutescommutetoCBD.②Hoyt’s‘SectorTheoryTheSectorTheory•Primarilyconcernedresidentialneighborhoods.Residentialneighborhoodsviewedaswedge-shapedsectorssurroundingCBD.PrinciplesoftheSectorTheory•Groupinsocialordertendtosegregatedintoareasaccordingtosocio-econ.•Thehighestincomegroupsliveinhousesthatcommandhighestprices.•Thelowersocioeconomicgroupsliveinhousesthatdemandlowerprices.•Generallylowersocioeconomicareasarelocatednearbusiness,andindustrialareas.•Theprinci