句子成分及结构

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1句子成分及结构一:句子成分由词或词组充当,英语的基本成分有七种主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、表语(predicative)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial),补语(complement)。(1).主语S主语(Subject)是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.名词2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.代词3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.数词4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.不定式5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.动名词6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.名词化的形容词7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.主语从句8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage。it为形式主语,不定式为真正的主语(2).谓语(V)谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.2、复合谓语:由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.注意:谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。(3)表语(P)表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份,它一般位于系动词之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如:1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名词)2.Isityours?(代词)3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)4.Thespeechisexciting.(分词)5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?(数词)6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.(动名词)8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.(介词短语)29.Timeisup.Theclassisover.(副词)10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)注意:系动词(Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语,说明主语的状态,性质特征和身份等。1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:Heisateacher.2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,remain,stay,stand,例如:Healwayskeepsilentatmeeting.3)感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如:Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.4)变化系动词表示主语变成什么样,主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如:Hebecamemadafterthat.除此之外,还有prove,turnout,appear,seem等。Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess。(4)宾语(Object)表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:1.Theyvisitedanexhibitionyesterday.名词2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.代词,动名词3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.名词,数词4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.名词化形容词,名词5.Hepretendednottoseeme.不定式6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.动名词7.Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.宾语从句宾语种类:1)双宾语(间接宾语O+直接宾语O)Lendmeyourdictionary,please.Hegavemeabookyesterday.2)复合宾语(宾语O+宾补C)1.Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.名词2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.形容词3.Letthefreshairin.介词4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.不定式5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.动名词6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.介词短语7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.从句以上几种是句子的必要成分,不可缺少,否则句子意义就不完整。句子除了必要成分外,还可以有定语,状语,同位语和插入语。(5)定语修饰,限制,描述或补充说明名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容词)32.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分词)3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.(名词)4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代词)5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短语)6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(动名词)7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介词短语)8.Farmerswhosawusstaredatusasifwearewalkingskeletons.(定语从句)(6)状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。从情况,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制,状语一般由副词充当,也可由名词,介词短语,非谓语动词,从句等充当。1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.副词及副词性短语2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.介词短语3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.不定式4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.分词短语5.Waitaminute.名词6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.状语从句9种状语种类如下:1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?时间2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.原因3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.条件4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.地点5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.方式5.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.伴随6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.目的7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.结果8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.让步9.Iamtallerthanheis.比较(7)同位语(Appositive)对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释,通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任,如:ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.Westudentsshouldstudyhard.Weallarestudents.(8)插入语(Parenthesis)对一句话做一些附加的解释,通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe---)等,如:Tobefrank,Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.二:英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。1:SV(主+谓)2:SVP(主+系+表)43:SVO(主+谓+宾)4:SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)5:SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)基本句型一:S│V(不及物动词)1.Thesun│rose.2.Whathesaid│doesnotmatter.3.They│talkedforhalfanhour.此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。基本句型二:S│V(是系动词)│P(表语)1.This│is│anEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2.Thedinner│smells│good.3.He│isgrowing│tallandstrong.基本句型三:SVO(主+谓+宾)此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。S│V(及物动词)│O(宾语)1.Who│knows│theanswer?2.He│hasrefused│tohelpthem.3.He│admits│thathewasmistaken.基本句型四:SVOO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)有些及物动词可以有两个宾语。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语);一个指物(直接宾语)。S│V(及物)│O(多指人)│O(多指物)1.She│ordered│herself│anewdress.2.I│showed│him│mypictures.3.He│showed│me│howtorunthemachine.基本句型五:SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。S│V(及物)│O(宾语)│C(宾补)1.They│painted│thedoor│green.4.He│asked│me│tocomebacksoon.5.I│saw│them│gettingonthebus.三:Practicemakesperfect.(一)选择句子结构a,SVb,SVPc,SVOd,SVoOe,SVOC1.Pleasetellusastory._______2.Shesmiled.______3.Ihavealotworktodo._____54.Hisjobistotrainswimmers._____5.Henoticedamanentertheroom._____(二).指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分:1.Tomcametoa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