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句子成分和句子种类（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有______和______；次要成分有______、______、______、______、_______和_______。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。主语可由______、______、______、______、______、__________和________等表示。例句（找出下列的主语）①Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.②WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.③One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.④Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.⑤Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.⑥Therichshouldhelpthepoor.⑦WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.⑧Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（三）谓语：_______________________________________。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由______、______、______、______、______、______、______、______、______及_______表示。例如(划出下列句子的表语)①OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.②Isityours?③Theweatherhasturnedcold.④Thespeechisexciting.⑤Threetimessevenistwentyone?⑥HisjobistoteachEnglish.⑦Hishobbiesplayingfootball.⑧Themachinemustbeoutoforder.⑨Timeisup.Theclassisover.⑩Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（五）1.宾语：表示及物动词和及物动词短语的对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语。宾语通常由_____、_____、______、_______、_______、______表示。例如(划出下列句子的宾语)①Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.②Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.③Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.④Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.⑤Hepretendednottoseeme.⑥Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.⑦Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.2.宾语的种类(1)直接宾语和间接宾语：直接宾语表示________________(通常指____);间接宾语表示____________________(通常指____)。例如(划出下列句子的直接宾语和间接宾语)①Myauntgavemeatoycar.②Sheboughtmeanicegift.③Heplayedussomelightmusic.(2)同源宾语：少数不及物动词后可接有同源名词，我们称之为“同源宾语”。例如：过幸福的生活___________________大笑_________________________做了一个噩梦__________________唱一首歌______________________光荣的死去____________________微微一笑______________________(3)介词宾语：英语中除了动词有宾语外，介词也有宾语，介词的宾语称“_______”例如：I’minterestedincomputergames.（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词的宾语后需要添加部分内容对宾语进行补充说明，这一部分北荣称为宾语补足语。宾补可由______、______、______、______、______、______和______充当。例如(划出下列句子中的宾语补足语)①HisfathernamedhimDongming.②Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.③Letthefreshairin.④Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.⑤Wesawherenteringtheroom.⑥Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.⑦Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：①Guilinisabeautifulcity.（_______）②Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（_______）③Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（_______）④HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（_______）⑤Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（_______）⑥Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（_______）⑦HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（_______）（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，它可以表示时间、地点、方式、比较、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件和让步等。可由以下形式表示：①Lighttravelsmostquickly.（_________）②Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（_________）③Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（_________）④Arrivingthere,callmeup.（_________）⑤Hereturnedhome,safeandsound.（_________）⑥Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：①Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（________）②Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（________）③Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（________）④Mr.Smithlivesonthethirdfloor.（________）⑤Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（________）⑥Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（________）⑦Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（________）⑧Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（________）⑨Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（________）⑩Iamtallerthanheis.（_______）（九）同位语：对局中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释说明，与前面的名词（词组）在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫同位语。同位语常常放于被说明的词之后。可由一下形式表示：①Wehavetwoforeignteachers,aCanadianandanAmerican.（________）②Theyeachcangetachancetotravelbyair.（________）③Wetwowillgotoseeyou.（________）④Thenewsthathewillcomeistrue.（________）句子种类（一）句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）_______（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2）_______（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?3）_______：Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass4）_______：Howclevertheboyis!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）_______：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.2)________：由并列连词（and,but,or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.3）________：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.（二）简单句的五种基本句型1、主语+_______+_______：e.g.Heisastudent.2、_______+不及物动词：e.g.Wework.3、主语+_______+_______：e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.4、主语+_______+_______（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。（三）并列句的分类并列句基本概念：并列复合句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。两个简单句常由并列连接词连在一起；但有时不用连接词,只在两个简单句之间用一逗号或分号。1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用_______________________________等连接。2、表示选择，常用的连词有____________________________________等。3、表示转折，常用的连词有____________________________________等。4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有_________________________等。（四）主从复合句：1、概念：主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为