句子成分教师

1句子成分句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分可分为主要成分(主语和谓语)和次要成分(表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语)。（一）主语（subject）主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。但在therebe结构、疑问句（不是对主语提问时）和倒装句中，主语位于be动词、助动词、情态动词或动词后面。例如：Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名词）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（数词）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词）Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化的形容词）Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）WhatIwantisanewdictionary.（主语从句）Thereisapenonthedesk.（therebe句型）Wheredidyoumeethim?（疑问句）Herecomesthebus.(倒装句)（二）谓语（predicate）谓语是说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态的。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Heplaysthepianoeveryafternoon.2、复合谓语：(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.(2)由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.（三）宾语（object）宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和宾语从句等表示。例如：Theywenttoseeafootballmatchyesterday.（名词）Myparentslovemeverymuch.（代词）---Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?---Ihavefive.（数词）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词）Hedoesn’tliketoswimtoday.（不定式短语）Ienjoylisteningtopopmusic.（动名词短语）Ithink（that）heishonest.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Healwaysmakesushappy.（四）表语(Predicative)表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem,go,sound等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、动名词、分词(-ing形式、-ed形式)、数词、不定式、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）Isityours?（代词）Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.（形容词）Hisjobisteaching.(动名词)Thespeechisexciting.（现在分词）I’mtired.(过去分词)Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）2Hemustbeathome.（介词短语）Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）（五）定语（attributive）修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语一般可以由名词、代词、形容词、动名词、分词(-ing形式、-ed形式)、数词、不定式、介词短语及定语从句表示。如：Thereare26girlstudentsinourclass.（名词）Thatishercat.（代词）Chengduisabeautifulcity.（形容词）Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）Hehascollectthreehundredstamps.（数词）Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?（不定式短语）TheboyinablackcoatisTom.（介词短语）TheboywhowearsablackcoatisTom.（定语从句）（六）状语(adverbial)修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。状语一般可以由形容词、副词或副词性词组、分词(-ing形式、-ed形式)或分词短语、数词、不定式、介词短语、名词及状语从句表示可由以下形式表示：Surprisedandjoyful,shestoodupandacceptedthegift.(形容词)Heisdoinghishomeworkcarefully.（副词或副词性词组）Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（现在分词短语）Dressedinathinshirt,hewalkedoutinsuchacoldnight.(过去分词短语)IhavebeentoShanghaitwice.（数词）Heworksveryhardtocatchupwiththeotherstudents.（不定式短语）Hestudiesinakeyuniversity.（介词短语）Waitaminute.（名词）Whenhecomesback,youwillknoweverything.（状语从句）常见状语种类如下：Let’smeetatsix.（时间状语）Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（条件状语）MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）Shegoestoschoolonfooteveryday.（方式状语）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴随状语）Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的状语）Hewassotiredthathefellasleepsoon..（结果状语）Sheworksveryhardthoughsheis70yearsold.（让步状语）JamesrunsfasterthanTony.（比较状语）（七）宾语补足语(objectcomplement)英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make/let/ask/order/see/watch/hear等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词(-ing形式、-ed形式)、介词短语等充当。例如：TheyelectedBushpresident.（名词）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容词）Lethimin.（副词）Heaskedmetohelphim.（不定式短语）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（现在分词）Iheardhimbeatenbyhisfather.(过去分词)Wefoundeverythingingoodorderinthelab.（介词短语）3（八）同位语(appositive)一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。Andy,mybestfriend,isgoingtostudyabroad.YesterdayImetTom,afriendofmybrother's.Shetoldusherhopethatshewouldbecomeapianist.