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1句子成分及练习安阳市第三中学单秀英一.句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。二．主语：是一个句子所叙述的主体，是全句述说的对象，也就是说，表示句子说的是什么人或什么事，一般放于句首。常用名词，数词或代词担任。如：1.Studentsstudy.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.三．谓语：是对主语加以陈述，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。谓语的构成如下：1．简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：（1）Studentsstudy.（2）Ihaveadream.（3）Theplanetookoffatteno’clock2．复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如：Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。四．宾语：表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。如：1.Heisdoinghishomework.2．Iplaywithhim.3．Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.4．Hedecidedtoworkharder.5．Ithink（that）heishonest.五．表语：用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。如：1.Timeismoney.2.Itismime.3.Heseemsverysad.24.Thespeechisexciting.5.MyjobistoteachEnglish.6.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.7.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.六．定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。如：1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.2.Heisahardworkingstudent.3.Chinaisadevelopingcountry.4.HisprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.5.Heisthelasttogohome.6.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.7.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.七．状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。如：1.Thestudentsdotheirhomeworkcarefully.2.Thestudentsstudyhard.3.Ioftenwritetohim.4.Thebagistooheavy.5.Ifitisfinethisweekend,Iwillgocamping.9种状语种类如下：1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?(时间状语)2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（条件状语）4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式状语）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴随状语）6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的状语）7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（结果状语）8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（让步状语）9.Iamtallerthanheis.（比较状语）八：宾语补足语：用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。如：1.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Iaskedhertohelpme.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.3九．同位语：对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释或进行补充说明，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：1.ThisisMr.Qin,ourheadteacher.2.Mysister,Lucy,isastudent.十．插入语:对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe---)等，如：Tobehonest,Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.句子成分详解表句子成分意义充当词类例句主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么事名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句子WestudyinNO.3MiddleSchool.谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样动词或动词词组Sheisdancingunderthetree.宾语表示动作行为的对象同主语BothofuslikeEnglish.表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语Herfatherisateacher.Hiswordssoundreasonable.定语用来修饰名词或代词形，代，数，名,副，介词短语或句子Wehaveeightlessonseveryday.状语修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等副词，介词短语或句子Heworksveryhard.TheyheldapartyinHollywood.宾语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词，名词，介词短语等Shealwayskeepsthehouseclean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！注意：通常情况下,主语和宾语前的成分是定语，谓语前的成分是状语，时间词作状语放在句子后面。句子的成分分布如下：（定语）主语（状语）谓语（定语）宾语（状语）如：1.(Thetall)boy(often)go(tothebig)zoo.2.(Thehappy)childwent(his)homeyesterday.请分析下面句子的结构说出各个成分1.Ihavetwoeldersisters.（我有两个姐姐。）2.Theydon'tswimverywell.（他们游泳不太好。）3.Doyougotoschooleveryday?（你每天去上学吗？）4.Ireallywantacupoftea.（我真的想要一杯茶。）5.MissSmithteachesEnglishverywell.（史密斯先生教英语非常好。）4练习一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest，yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.二．划分句子成分1.Weareworking.2.Icanswimverywell.3.Thewaiterbroughtabottleofbeertome.4.Whydoesthewindblow.5.Therainhasbeenpullingdownforawholeday.6.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.7.Jimaskedyoutogivehisbestwishestoeveryone.8.Youmustgetthecarreadybytomorrow.9.Ihavealotofclothestowash.10.Hegavehissonsomeadviceonreading.11.Readmethefirstparagraph.12.I’veorderedsomesoupforyou.13.HebeganleaningEnglishtenyearsago.14.Mybeinglateworriedmyteacher.15.Thatpresidenthimselfwouldvisitourschoolexcitedallofus.