《经济学家》读译参考Translated&EditedbyChenJilongPage1of4Europeanutilities欧洲公用事业Powerstruggles能源之争(陈继龙编译)Nov30th2006FromTheEconomistprinteditionPoliticalandbusinessinterestscollideasEurope'senergyfirmsconsolidate欧洲能源公司合并引发政治与商业利益冲突。“WEexpectedawave—butwhathappenedwasatsunami,”saysEmmanuelTurpin,autilitiesanalystatMorganStanley,aninvestmentbank.Energy-industryinsiderspredictedaseriesofmergersandacquisitionsinEuropeanutilitiesatthebeginningofthisyear.ButhardlyanyoneexpectedtheannouncementinFebruaryoftwoofthebiggest-evertakeoversincorporateEurope:thebidforEndesa,aSpanishelectricitycompany,byE.ON,aGermanpowergiant;andthemergerofGazdeFrance(GDF),aFrenchgasfirm,andSuez,anotherFrenchutility.摩根斯坦利投资银行的公用事业分析专家伊曼纽尔•特尔平说:“我们本来期待的是一阵浪潮,可发生的却是一场海啸。”能源产业内部人士早就预言今年伊始欧洲公用事业将实施一连串的并购,但今年2月公诸于众的两宗迄今为止欧洲最大的并购案却是大多数人始料未及的:一个是德国能源巨头E.ON公司竞购西班牙Endesa电力公司,另一个是法国燃气公司(GDF)与另一家法国公用事业公司Suez的合并。Thelatesttakeoverintheindustry,announcedthisweek,issmaller,lessspectacularandnotmuchofasurprise.Iberdrola,aSpanishelectricitycompany,announcedonNovember28thitseuro17.2billion($22.5billion)bidforScottishPower,aBritishutility.ComparedwiththeE.ONbid,nowvaluedateuro37billion,andtheeuro78billionmergerofSuezandGDF,thedeallookslikesmallbeer.(1)YettheacquisitionwillcreateoneofEurope'ssixbiggestutilitiesandaworldleaderinrenewableenergy.Andinstrikingcontrasttothetwobiggerdeals,whichareboggeddown[1]inlegalandpoliticalquagmires,itislikelytoproceedsmoothly.相比之下,本周宣布的能源产业最近一次并购则比较小,不太引人注目,而且也不怎么出人意料。11月28日,西班牙Iberdrola电力公司宣布将以172亿欧元(约合225亿美元)收购英国公用事业公司ScottishPower。相比E.ON竞购案(现价已达370亿欧元)及苏伊士与GDF之间780亿欧元的合并案,这笔交易看上去似乎微不足道,不过本次并购将造就一个跻身欧洲前六位的大型公用事业公司及全球可再生能源先锋。而且,与陷入法律和政治泥潭而停滞不前的前述两单大买卖形成鲜明对比的是,这一次有可能一帆风顺。《经济学家》读译参考Translated&EditedbyChenJilongPage2of4(2)Thecatalystforthefrenetic[2]mergeractivityamongEuropeanutilitiesistherun-uptofullderegulationoftheEuropeanUnion'senergymarket.FormorethanadecadetheEuropeanCommissionhasbeentryingtoenableenergyproducersanddistributorstocompetefreelyacrossnationalborders.ThefinaldeadlineoftheEU'sbulkylegislativeprogrammetoliberalisethemarketisJuly2007.BythenmemberstatesaresupposedtohaveimplementedallEUenergydirectives.欧洲公用事业领域之所以掀起这场合并风潮,是因为有关方面正在酝酿彻底放宽欧盟能源市场。十多年来,欧盟委员会一直努力促进能源生产商和销售商展开跨越国界的自由竞争。欧盟旨在实现市场自由化的一揽子立法计划完成的最后截止时间是2007年7月,届时各成员国应当均已遵照执行欧盟各项能源指导方针。IgnacioGalán,thebossofIberdrola,saidthisweekthatthefast-approachingderegulationinEurope,whichwillputbig,cross-borderfirmsinastrongerposition,wasoneofthereasonsforhisbidforScottishPower.ButMrGalándidnotmentionthemoreprobabledriverofthedeal.ACS,aSpanishconstructioncompany,recentlyboughta10%stakeinIberdrolawithaviewtomergingitwithUniónFenosa,anotherSpanishpowercompanyinwhichACShasa40.5%stake.MrGalánisopposedtothedeal.Iberdrolaistheworld'sleadingoperatorofwindturbines,butFenosareliesheavilyoncoal-firedplants,soamergerwouldsully[3]Iberdrola'simage.本周Iberdrola公司总裁伊格莱西奥•加兰说,该公司收购苏格兰电力公司的原因之一就是欧洲放宽市场在即,大型跨国公司因此将处于更加强势的位置。不过这笔交易很可能另有所图,但加兰并未提及。西班牙ACS建筑公司最近收购了Iberdrola10%的股份,期望Iberdrola能与西班牙另一家电力公司UniónFenosa合并,而ACS已持有UniónFenosa40.5%的股份。加兰并不赞成这一合并交易。Iberdrola是全球风力发电机的主要运营商,但Fenosa则高度依赖火力发电,因此合并会招致Iberdrola形象受损。Investorsandanalystsarelukewarm[4]abouthisproposedalternative,however.(3)ThereisanobviouslogictobuyingPPMEnergy,anAmericanwind-powerdeveloperownedbyScottishPower,giventhatIberdrolatookovertwootherwind-powercompaniesinAmericaearlierthisyear.ButPPMisonlyone-fifthofScottishPower'sbusiness.CombiningIberdrolawithScottishPowerwillachieveveryfewcostsavingsasthereisnoothergeographicoverlap.AndIberdrolaistakingonlotsofdebttofinancethepriceytakeover.但是,投资者和分析人士对他收购ScottishPower的主张反应都比较冷淡。鉴于伊维尔德罗拉公司今年早些时候已经并购了另外两家美国风力发电公司,接下来收购美国PPM能源公司(ScottishPower旗下的一家风力发电开发公司)显然是顺理成章的事情。不过PPM仅占ScottishPower公司总交易量的五分之一。由于Iberdrola与ScottishPower在运营地域上并不存在重叠,因此双方联手并不能缩减多少成本,而且Iberdrola为了筹措巨额收购费也将重债缠身。(4)Butatleasttheobjectionstothedealarecommercial,ratherthanpoliticalorlegal,whichismorethancanbesaidforEurope'stwootherbigenergymergers.ItisafullyearsinceafailedbidforScottishPowerpromptedWulfBernotat,thebossofE.ON,toplothisbigcoup:atakeoverofEndesa,whichwouldmakeE.ONoneoftheworld'slargestelectricityandgasfirms,withover50mcustomersinmorethan30countries.不过即便有人反对这次收购,那也是出于商业角度考虑,而与政治抑或法律无关。然而,两宗能源巨头的合并案就不好说(是否受到政治或法律因素干涉)了。自从竞购ScottishPower失败整整一年来,E.ON公司总裁伍尔夫•伯诺泰特一直都图谋卷土重来——收购恩德萨,从而使E.ON公司成为在30多个国家拥有5千余万客户的全球最大电力与燃气公司之一。MrBernotat'sgrandplanisfacingstrongresistanceinMadrid.TheSpanishgovernmentwantstokeepEndesainSpanishhands,sothecountry'sregulatorimposednofewerthan19conditionsontheGermanbid(andlateraddedsomemoreforgoodmeasure).ThedealisalsoentangledinalegaldisputebetweenEndesaandGasNatural,anotherSpanishpowercompanythatwantstobuyEndesa.MeanwhilethemergerofGDFandSuezisin《经济学家》读译参考Translated&EditedbyChenJilongPage3of4serioustrouble.OnNovember21stajudgeinParisblockedGDFfromcompletingthedeal.Thejudgeagreedthatworkers'representatives,whoareafraidofjobcuts,neededmoretimetolookatthetermsofthedeal.GDFimmediatelyappealed,buttheappealscourtupheld[5]theruling.伯诺泰特的宏伟蓝图正面临马德里方面强有力的阻挠。西班牙政府希望Endesa继续掌控在西班牙人手中,所以该国监管机构对德国人的收购强加了不下19个限制