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11一．名词I.名词的分类：1专有名词2普通名词国名.地名.人名，1)可数名词2)不可数名词①个体名词②集体名词①抽象名词②物质名词II.名词的数：1.可数名词变复数的规则变法：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes特stomachs3以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities4以-f或-fe结尾的词特scarf均可①变-f和-fe为v再加-es9妻子拿刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌，躲在架下保己命，半片树叶遮目光。Wife,knife.Wolf.Thief.Shelf.Self.Life.Half.Leaf.②直接加-s9海湾边，屋顶上，首领奴仆两相望，保险箱里有信仰，证据写在手帕和高尔夫球上。Gulf.Roof.Chief.Serf.Belief.Safe.Proof.Handkerchief.Golf5以辅音字母加-o结尾，有四个必须加-es“黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿”，其余一般加-s。Negro,Hero,Potato,Tomato特例zero/volcano均可2.可数名词变复数不规则变法：1)男人女人a变e,鹅脚牙齿oo变ee;men,women,geese,feet,teeth公牛加en,孩子加上ren;oxen,children老鼠ous变ic,鱼鹿绵羊不用变。Mouse--micefish,deer,sheep2)某国人变化也好玩，中日瑞士葡不变，Chinese,Japanese,Swiss，Portuguese；英法变，Englishmen,Frenchmen;其余-s加后面。Americans,Canadians,Australians3）集体名词的数①只有复数形式，表示复数意义，谓语用复数goods商品clothes服装②只有单数形式，表示复数意义，谓语用复数policepeoplecattle③部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）,也可以作复数（成员）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party。整体时，谓语用单数；成员时，谓语用复数。④单复不同意（复数形式表示特别含义）customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)，谓语用单数。4）合成名词①将主体名词（人）变为复数sons-in-law,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends②无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,birthdays③将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservants④含有数字和名词构成的合成形容词中，名词必须单数aneighteen-year-oldboy3.不可数名词的数（气体，液体，颗粒，抽象，总称，疾病，自然现象，学科等等）1）抽象名词具体化，表示具体的人或事，成为可数名词He’sasuccess./I’llgiveyouasurprise.2）物质名词表数量多少时，可做可数名词Iwant3coffees./Heneedadrink.223）物质名词前置定于修饰时，成为可数名词Havelunch—haveawonderfullunch.Haveagoodtime.4）不可数名词变复数需用单位词表现出来apieceofadvice/information/news,2cupsoftea,3pairsofshoesII.名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。形式：1.“名词’s”;2.“of+名词”；3.“of+名词’s”=“of+名词性物主代词”1.“名词’s”所有格：名词主要为有生命事物单数名词、不规则名词复数在末尾加’sJack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto,thechildren’stoys,以s结尾的单数或复数名词加’Dickens’novels,Charles’job,theteachers’room表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’sJapan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’sJapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather表示＂某人家,店铺,医院”，所有格后名词省略thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s2）无生命名词’s所有格的用法：１表示时间today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday2表示自然现象theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches3表示国家城市等地点的名词thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry4表示工作群体theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory5表示度量衡及价值amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词thelife’stime,theplay’splot7某些固定词组abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,atone’swit’send(不知所措)2“of+名词”所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名词化的词：thestruggleofthepoor.3“of+名词’s”名词多为人，特指，不与不定冠词连用afriendofmybrother’s=“of+名词性物主代词”afriendofmine/yours...注意：1)当中心词是photo,picture,portrait等时，ofsb表示图片本人是sb.当中心词是photo,picture,portrait等时，ofsb’s表示图片属于sb.2)部分名词所有格关系由“to”表示：钥匙答案桥和路，出入口的所有格用to.Thekeytothedoor,theanswertothequestion,thebridgeandwaytothehotel,theexitandentrancetothehouse.IV.修饰名词的量词1.只修饰可数名词的量词Few,afew,quiteafew,many,manya,agreat/goodmany,morethanone,several,acoupleof,anumberof...2.只修饰不可数名词的量词Little,alittle,much,abitof,alargeamountof,agreat/gooddealof...3.两者均可的量词Some,enough,most,all,lotsof,alotof,plentyof,amassof,massesof,therest,aquantityof,quantitiesof....V.名词作句子成分之定语一般用单数形式，Shoeshop,studentteacher,stonebridge.....特：Parentsmeeting家长会,sportsmeeting运动会,salesplan销售计划,customsduty海关关税clothesshop;33一、名词变复数bookcupcityfamilybuswishwatchtomatopotatoknifethiefselfhalfleafroofbeliefproofhandkerchiefdeerfishsheepChineseJapaneseswissEnglishmanFrenchmanAmericanGermanAustralian二、名词的所有格：1.Thisis____________________(MaryandLily)bedroom.2.Theseare________________(TomandJack)schoolbags.3.Thisis_________________(somebodyelse)pencil.4.Heisafriendofmy_________(brother).5.Issheadaughterof__________(you)?三、翻译。atthedoctor’sanhour’swalktwoweeks’timeChina’scapitalthemapofChinaabookofminetwofriendsofmysister’saphotoofTomaphotoofTom’s四、名词选择填空一()1.—Arethose______?---No,theyaren’t.They’re_____.A.sheep;cowsB.sheep;cowC.sheeps;cowD.sheeps;cows()2.Mum,I’mquitethirsty.Pleasegiveme____.A.twoorangeB.twobottlesoforangC.twobottlesorangeD.twobottlesoforanges()3.Ihavegot___newsfrommyfriend.Doyouwanttoknow?A.averygoodB.anyC.apieceofD.twopieces()4.___roomisonthe5thfloor.A.LucyandLilyB.LucyandLily’sC.Lucy’sandLilyD.Lucy’sandLily’s()5.EverymorningMr.Smithtakesa____tohisoffice.A.20minutes’walkB.20minute’swalkC.20-minuteswalkD.20-minutewalk()6.ThisisJamesAllanGreen.Wecancallhim____.A.Mr.GreenB.Mr.AllanC.Mr.JamesD.JamesGreen()7.JackandTomare____.A.goodfriendsB.goodfriendC.agoodfriendD.goodafriend()8.It’sonlyaboutten____walktothenearestpostoffice.A.minutesB.minute’sC.minutes’D.minute()9.Heoftenhas____forbreakfast.A.twobreadsB.twopieceofbreadsC.twopiecesofbreadD.twopiecesofbreads()10.Mrs.Greenhastwo____.They’reverybright.A.childsB.childC.children’sD.children44()11.WhatdidtheheadmastersayaboutJim’s______.A.twomonthsholidayB.twomonths’holidayC.two-monthholidayD.twomonth’sholidays()12.Iwon’tgotherewithyou,forIhavealotof____todo.A.works