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免疫Immuneresponse:theresponsemadebythehosttodefenditselfagainsttheintroductionofforeignsubstances.Antigen:Anantigenisanyagentcapableofbindingspecificallytocomponentsofimmunesystem,suchasBCRandsolubleantibodiesImmunogen-Asubstancethatinducesaspecificimmuneresponse.(Allimmunogensareantigens,butnotallantigensareimmunogens)Antigenicity:Theabilityofacompoundtobindwithantibodiesorcellsoftheimmunesystem.Thisbindingishighlyspecific.ImmunogenicityImmunogenicityistheabilityofaparticularsubstance,suchasanantigenorepitope,toprovokeaspecificimmuneresponseinthebodyofahumanoranimal.Hapten半抗原：Ahaptenisasmallmoleculewhichcanelicitanimmuneresponseonlywhenattachedtoalargecarriersuchasaprotein;thecarriermaybeonewhichalsodoesnotelicitanimmuneresponsebyitself.EpitopeEpitopeistheportionoftheantigenthatbindsspecificallywiththebindingsiteofanantibodyorareceptoronalymphocyte.TI-AgThymus-independentantigensareantigenswhichcandirectlystimulatetheBcellstoproduceantibodywithouttherequirementforTcellhelpingeneral.TD-AgThymus-dependentantigensarethosethatdonotdirectlystimulatetheproductionofantibodywithoutthehelpofTcellsSuperantigenAnantigenwhichpolyclonallyactivatessomesubtypesoftheTcells(upto20%).Adjuvants:Asubstancethatwhenmixedwithanimmunogen,enhancestheimmuneresponseagainsttheimmunogen.ImmunoglobulinTheImmunoglobulinsareglobulinwhichfunctionasantibodiesorsimilartoantibodiesinchemicalstructure.Complementaritydeterminingregion(CDR)互补决定区：Acomplementaritydeterminingregion(CDR)isashortaminoacidsequencefoundinthevariabledomainsofantigenreceptor(e.g.immunoglobulinandTcellreceptor)proteinsthatcomplementsanantigenandthereforeprovidesthereceptorwithitsspecificityforthatparticularantigen.Complement：Agroupofserumproteinsinvolvedinthecontrolofinflammation,theactivationofphagocytesandthelyticattackoncellmembranes.Itbelongstotheinnateimmunesystem,andcanberecruitedandbroughtintoactionbytheadaptiveimmunesystem.CommonreceptorsubunitThereissamereceptorsubunitforcytokinesignalingamongthedifferentcytokinereceptors.e.g.commonγchainCytokine(CK):Smallsolubleproteinsthatmediateimmuneandinflammatoryreactionsandareresponsibleforcommunicationsbetweenleukocytesandothercells.SolublecytokinereceptorSolublecytokinereceptoristheextracellularpartofthereceptor,whichcancompetitivelybindtocytokineCytokinestorm:Undercertaincircumstances(e.g.septicshock),largeamountsofCKs(suchasTNF)areproduced,theymaybeactivedistantfromtheirsiteofsecretion.Leukocytedifferentiationantigen白细胞分化抗原：Thecellsurfacemarkerswhichexpressordisappearonthedifferentcellsinthedifferentstagesofdifferentitationandactivation.Clusterofdifferentiation(CD):Cellsurfacemoleculesofleucocytesthataredistinguishablewithmonoclonalantibodiesasanimmunologicmarker.Celladhesionmolecules,CAM:Agroupofproteinsinvolvedinadhesionofcelltocellorcelltoextracellularmatrix(ECM),suchasICAM-1,ICAM-2,ICAM-3,VCAM-1andPECAMetc.IntegrinIntegrinsaretransmembranereceptorsthatmediatetheattachmentbetweenacellandthetissuesthatsurroundit,suchasothercellsortheextracellularmatrix(ECM)SelectinsSelectins(CD62)areafamilyofcelladhesionmolecules.MHC主要组织相容性复合物：Themajorhistocompatibilitycomplex(MHC)isalargegenomicregionorgenefamilyfoundinmostvertebrates.Itisthemostgene-denseregionofthemammaliangenomeandplaysanimportantroleintheimmunesystem,autoimmunity,andreproductivesuccess.PolymorphismThephenomenonofhavingmultipleallelesatgivengeneticlocusinthepopulationSomatichypermutation体细胞高度突变：Somatichypermutation(orSHM)isamechanisminsidecellsthatispartofthewaytheimmunesystemadaptstothenewforeignelementswhichconfrontit(forexample,microbes).ITAMAnimmunoreceptortyrosine-basedactivationmotif(ITAM)isaconservedsequenceoffouraminoacidsthatisrepeatedtwiceinthecytoplasmictailsofcertaincellsurfaceproteinsoftheimmunesystem.Negativeselection负选择：Thedeathofautoimmunelymphocytesshortlyaftertheydevelop.Alsoknownasclonaldeletion.Positiveselection:Doublepositivecellsthatbind,withmoderateaffinity,toMHC-Agonthymicstromacellssurvive.DPcellacquireMHCrestrictionthoughpositiveselection.Foxp3AmemberoftheFOXproteinfamily,FOXP3appearstofunctionasamastertranscriptionfactorinthedevelopmentandfunctionofregulatoryTcells.APC：Avarietyofcelltypesspecializedinthepresentationofpeptide-MHCtolymphocytes,causingeithertoleranceorimmunity.Cross-presentationClassIMHCmoleculespresentexogenousAgstoCD8+Tcells.ImmunologicalsynapseWhentheTCRcomplexrecognizesMHC-associatedpeptidesonanAPC,severalTcellsurfaceproteinsandintracellularsignalingmoleculesarerapidlymobilizedtothesiteofTcell-APCcontact.ThisregionofphysicalcontactbetweentheTcellandtheAPChasbeencalledtheimmunologicalsynapseAnergy无反应性：Anergyisaterminimmunobiologythatdescribesalackofreactionbythebody'sdefensemechanismstoforeignsubstances,andconsistsofadirectinductionofperipherallymphocytetolerance.RegulatoryTcell调节性T细胞：RegulatoryTcells(sometimesknownassuppressorTcells)areaspecializedsubpopulationofTcellsthatacttosuppressactivationoftheimmunesystemandtherebymaintainimmunesystemhomeostasisandtolerancetoself-antigens.AICD激活诱导的细胞死亡：activation-inducedcelldeat