医学科研论文的的撰写

医学科研论文撰写HowtowriteamedicalpaperSpeaker:HuafengLiu,Ph.D.医学研究论文的种类原创性研究论文（Originalpaper）字数限制约3000~5000个短讯(ShortCommunication)字数限制约500~800个评论(Comments,Opinion)字数限制约500~800个致编辑函(LettertoEditor)字数限制约300~500个综述(Review)字数一般约5000个系统评价（Metaanalysis）字数限制约3000~5000个个案报道（Casereport）Howtowriteanoriginalpaper原创性研究论文OriginalResearchPaper字数限制约3000~5000个参考文献数、图与表的数目皆有一定限制所报导的研究须符合实证科学的逻辑，能为此领域提供有价值的新知识或讯息要得出一个结论，提供支持结论所必须的数据（结果部分），并对之进行阐释（讨论部分）Whatisthetopic？——主题Whyyoucarriedouttheresearch？——立题依据Whathaveknown/unknown？——背景Whatyouwantedtoresolve？——目标Howyoudidit？——材料与方法Whatyouhavegainedatlast？——结果与结论Apaperlikeastory!Whatisagoodpaper-The“W”ruleWhatis(are)themajorproblem(s)thatneed(s)tobestudied/addressed(significance)?Whyis(are)this(these)problem(s)important(hypothesis)?Whatkeyexperimentsorinnovativemethodsshouldbecarriedout?Whatarethesignificantoutcomesobtained?Whatproblemshavebeenanswered/addressed?Whatarethemajorcontributionsfromyourpaper?ThebasiccontentofapaperTitle（标题）abstract（摘要）keywords（关键词）introduction（引言）Methods（方法）results(结果)Includingtables,figuresandfigurelegenddiscussion（讨论）acknowledgements（致谢）disclosure（声明）references（参考文献）Title•Specialistssaid:Manypeoplewillreadthetitleofyourpaper,butnotreadtheentirepaper,oreventheabstract.IscentralsubjectofapaperVeryimportantThestyleofaTitle单一短语:ProteinuriaasaRiskFactorinrenalfailure短语组合:Proteinuria:aRiskFactorinRenalFailure陈述:proteinuriaisaRiskFactorinRenalFailure组合性陈述:ProteinuriaisaRiskFactorinRenalFailure:aclinicalstudy问题:IsProteinuriaaRiskFactorinRenalFailure?组合性问题:IsProteinuriaaRiskFactorinRenalFailure?LessonslearnfromclinicalstudyAgoodTitleCreative(有创造性)Abstractive(有吸引力)Accurate（正确）Complete（完整）Specific（具体）Unambiguous（清晰）Concise（简练）TroubleshootingoftheTitleToomanywords（字数太多）Ambiguous（含糊不清）Boring（主题无聊）Nothingnew（没有新意）UsingAbbreviationorchemicalformula(缩写词、化学式）复合感染法联合5/6肾切除制作IgAN肾小球硬化模型的建立及其评价(语法错误)肾糖颗粒对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾脏的保护作用及病理形态的影响（内容重复，不简练）金雀异黄素对晚期糖基化终末产物刺激大鼠系膜细胞氧化应激反应的保护作用（模糊不清，字太多）慢性肾脏病患者血清TGFβ1与纤维化指标的相关性研究（相互包含，不够具体）肾炎康复片对肾脏细胞外基质作用及机制研究（不够具体，无新意太泛）BadtitleAbstract•Besidesthetitle,reveiwersorreadersmaybeonlyreadtheabstract.ThemostimportpartofapaperYouawayswritetheabstractpartattheendThecontentsofaAbstractIntroduction/Backgroud：Problem,hypothesis,andobjective（15%)Methods：Researchdesign、methodandstatistics（15-20%）Results：theimportantdiscover（50-55%Conclusion：Thesignificanceofyourdiscover（15%）AgoodabstractFollowingtheguidlineofthejournalHangouttogether(自成一段),clear,includingkeywords,noabbreviation,norefrencesIsaindependentpartofapaperIncludingspecificdataAccurateReadableandlogicalHowtowriteagoodabstractSteps:1.Readtheguidlineofthejournal(wordsnumberandformat)2.Summerizethekeypiontsofyourresearch3.Write4.Reviseandsimplify5.Phaseandwordsimprovement6.DoublecheckIntroduction/Backgroud/Aim重点在于研究目的和要解决的问题(15%)Theslitdiaphragm(SD)ofpodocyteimpairmentcontributestomassiveproteinuriaandprogressiveglomerulosclerosisinmanyhumanglomerulardiseases.Theaimofthestudywastodetermineifthiazolidinedione(TZD)reduceproteinuriaandglomerulosclerosisinfocalsegmentalglomerulosclerosis(FSGS)bypreservingthestructureandfunctionofSD.Methods研究是怎样设计的？采用了哪些技术？使用何种统计学方法？(15-20%)Adriamycin-inducedFSGSratmodelswereemployed.Urinaryproteincontentwasmeasureddynamicallyduringtheexperiment.Additionalbiochemicalparametersinserumsamplesweremeasuredaftertheanimalswerekilled.Glomerularsclerosisindex(SI)andpodocytefootprocessesfusionrate(PFR)wereevaluated.TheproteinandmRNAexpressinglevelsofnephrin,podocinandCD2-associatedprotein(CD2AP)inglomeruliwereassessedbyimmunohistochemistryandreal-timequantitativepolymerasechainreaction,respectively.Thedensityofpodocyteswasalsoevaluatedafteranti-Wilms’tumour-1immunohistochemicalstaining.Results最重要的发现是什么？(50-55%)Rosiglitazonetreatmentpartiallyreducedproteinuria,butdidnotsignificantlyaffecttheserumlevelsoftriglyceride,cholesterol,albumin,glucose,ureanitrogenandcreatinineinAdriamycin-inducedFSGSrats.GlomerularSIandpodocytefootPFRweresignificantlyattenuatedbyrosiglitazonetreatment.Rosiglitazonepreventedthereductionofnephrin,podocinandCD2APproteinexpressioninducedbyAdriamycin,however,themRNAexpressionlevelsoftheseSD-relatedmarkersdidnotchangesignificantly.RosiglitazonetherapydidnotreverseAdriamycin-mediatedreductionofthedensityofpodocytes.Conclusion结果为什么重要？意义？(15%)ThestudydatasuggestthatTZDarepromisingtherapeuticagentsonFSGS,andthemechanismmaybemediatedinpartbydirectlyprotectingthestructureandfunctionofSD.不合格IntroductionBeginningthestory……Whathaveknown?Whatisstillunclearorunkown?Theaim/hypothesisThedefinitionoftheresearchproblemIntroduction——已知的方面为研究提供背景以背景开始，描述研究的范围和意义介绍与课题相关的前期研究结果（包括阳性结果和阴性结果）Makesurebackgroundrelatesonlytospecificsubjectofpaper.Alargebodyofresearchoverthepastdecaderevealedthat……...Itiswellknownthat………Introduction——未知的方面为研究提供理论依据确定问题所在或突破口尽量精简参考文献数量避免使用其他研究者的名字省略不必要的细节Sporadicstudiesshowedthat……….Heretofore,therewasnowell-recognizeddrugavailableinpodocytopathytherapy.Consequently,anadditionalresearchisnecessar