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Twomalfunctioningconnectedtothepacemakerprovidedtheenergytostimulatetheheart.Thisfirstmodelhadtobereplacedbyanewoneafteronlyafewhours.Thetechnologyhoweverrapidlyimproved.Modelsofincreasingcomplexitymetthespecificrequirementsofastandardheart.Todaypacemakerswithalifeoftenyearsareelectrodesinmoderncardiology.Atthemomentweareevaluatinganinterestingnewdesignproposal.Pharmaceuticalandhigh-techcompaniestendtospendalotonresearch.Ourinvestmentincreasedforsomeyearsandthenreachedaplateau.Explainittomeinsimpletermsthatalaypersoncouldunderstand.ThefuzzyfrontendisanimportantphaseintheR&Dprocess.Oneidea-generatingtechniquethatweuseisattributelisting.Intherightupperchamberoftheheartthereisasmallpieceoftissuecalledthesinu-atrial(SA)node.在右心房上有一块很小的被称之为窦房结的组织。Thistypeofpacemakerisusedinpatientswhoseheartrateistoofast,aconditioncalledtachycardia;whoseheartrateistooslow,whichiscalledbradycardia;orwhohaveablockagethatpreventstheheart’selectricalconductionsystemfromworkingproperly.这种类型的起搏器可用于心跳频率过快，即心动过速的患者，或者心跳频率过慢，即心动过缓者，或者由于心脏堵塞影响心脏电传导系统正常工作的患者。Although,alltheheartcellspossestheabilitytogenerateelectricalimpulsesoractionpotentials,SAnodenormallyinitiatesitandisresponsibleforthewholeheart’sbeat,simplybecauseitgeneratesimpulsesslightlyfasterthanotherareaswithpacemakerpotential.尽管所有的心脏细胞都具有产生电脉冲或动作电位的能力，通常是窦房结最先开始电脉冲活动，进而对整个心脏活动负责，因为具备起搏点电位的窦房结产生电脉冲的速度快于其他区域。Therearethreechieftypesofimplantablepacemakers:single-chamberpacemakers,dual-chamberpacemakersandrate-responsivepacemakers.有三种主要类型的植入式心脏起搏器：单腔起搏器，双腔起搏器和频率应答起搏器。Fittingthebodyofanartificialpacemakerisfairlyeasy.Fittingtheleads,though,canbetricky;impossible,even,insomepatients.人造起搏器主体的安装比较简单，但导线的安装却很棘手，在一些患者的体内甚至根本无法安装。ResearchersstatethatSCAistheresultofa“ventricularfibrillation”—aquiveringoftheheartwhichpreventstheheartmusclefrompumpingbloodtothebody.研究者指出心脏骤停是由于“心室纤维性颤动”引起的。“心室纤维性颤动”是指心室肌肉的颤动阻止了心脏肌肉向身体泵送血液。Anautomatedexternaldefibrillator(AED)isaportableelectronicdevicethatautomaticallydiagnosesthepotentiallylifethreateningcardiacarrhythmiasofventricularfibrillationandventriculartachycardiainapatient,andisabletotreatthemthroughdefibrillation,theapplicationofelectricaltherapywhichstopsthearrhythmia,allowingthehearttoreestablishaneffectiverhythm.自动体外心脏去颤器是一种便携式电子装置，可自动诊断出可能威胁生命的心室颤动性心律失常及心室性心搏过速，并能够通过电除颤进行治疗，即应用电子治疗终止心律失常，帮助心脏重新建立有效的节奏。Whenyouexperiencearapidheartbeat,thewiresfromyourhearttothedevicetransmitsignalstotheICDtosendelectricalpulsestoregulateyourheart.当心脏过速时，连接心脏与植入型复率除颤器的导线向除颤器传递信号，使之发出电子脉冲调节心脏。Ifthelow-energypulsesdon’trestoreyournormalheartrhythm,theICDwillswitchtohigh-energypulsesfordefibrillation.如果低能量脉冲不能恢复正常心脏节奏，植入型复率除颤器将改变为高能量脉冲除颤。TheCRTdeviceisabletopacebothventriclesatthesametime.Thisallowsthemtoworktogetheranddoabetterjobpumpingbloodoutoftheheart.心脏再同步化治疗装置可以使两心室同步收缩、舒张，使得两个心室共同工作更好地将血液泵送出心脏。