1(二)上海是海外游客来中国旅游的必到之地。在这个商业中心,游客们可以欣赏到千姿百态的建筑群,雄伟壮丽的外滩(riversideBund),灯火辉煌的商店和极富魅力的博物馆。上海白天喧嚣繁忙(bustle),到了晚上,人们在夜生活场所尽情享受。作为一座国际大都市(metropolis),上海可以为不同的旅游者呈现出不同的画面。它既是中国主要的购物城市,又是休闲旅游者的天堂(paradise)。参考译文ShanghaiisamustonanyagendaforforeignvisitorshavingatourofChina.Intheheartofhiscommercialcentervisitorswillfindelegantbuilding,theimposingriversideBund,glitteringshopsandmalls,andfascinatingmuseums.ShanghaibustlesbydayandliveslifetothefullbynightinsomeofChina’sbestnightspots.Asaninternationalmetropolis,Shanghaipresentsdifferentpicturesforvisitorswithdifferentpurposes.ItisknownastheleadingshoppingcapitalofChina,aparadiseforleisureandpleasurefortourists.(二十九)中国功夫,也叫“武术”,是中国人民在长期的历史发展中创造的运动项目。估计中国武术的起源可以追溯到原始社会(theprimitivesociety)。那时的人类用棍棒作为武器抵御野生动物,获得了一些防守和进攻经验,在商代(theShangDynasty),围场狩猎(fieldhunting)应运而生,并被视为武术训练的重要途径。商周(ShangandZhouDynasties)时期,武术是一种舞蹈形式。“功夫舞蹈”(martialdance)是用来训练士兵,鼓舞士气(morale)的。据说,华佗创造的“五禽戏”(FiveAnimalsPlay)是中华武术的起源。参考译文ChineseKungfu,alsocalled“martialart”,isasportitemcreatedbytheChinesepeopleduringalongtimeofhistoricaldevelopment.ItisgenerallyestimatedthattheoriginofChinesemartialartscanbetracedbacktotheprimitivesociety.Atthattimehumanbeingsfoughtwildanimalswithclubsastheirweapon,andthusacquiredsomeexperienceondefenseandattack.IntheShangDynastyfieldhuntingcameintobeingandwasfurtherregardedasanimportantwayofmartialarttraining.DuringtheperiodofShangandZhouDynasties,martialartwasaformofdancing.“Martialdance”wasusedtotrainthesoldiersandboosttheirmorale.Itissaidthatthe“FiveAnimalsPlay”firstcreatedbyHuaTuoistheoriginofChinesemartialarts.(三十一)传统的中国绘画是一门独特的美术(fineart),无论是风格还是技巧都与世界其他艺术门类迥然不同。中国人绘画采用毛笔(brush)蘸墨汁或颜料,灵巧地挥洒(wield)于纸上。画家用深、浅、浓、淡的点(dot)和线构成一幅图画。在优秀画家的手里,毛笔和墨汁非常具有表现力,它们不仅是绘画的工具,也是画家艺术追求的象征。与水墨画相比,宫廷画(palacepainting)注重细腻的画法、细节的描绘,以及丰富的色彩(elaboratecoloring)。参考译文TraditionalChinesepaintingsconstituteauniqueschooloffineart,aschoolthat,instyleandtechniquesisvastlydifferentfromanyotherfineartschoolintheworld.TheChinesedopaintingswithbrushes,dippingtheirbrushesininkorpaintandthenskillfullywieldingthem.Paintersproduceonthepaperpictureswithlinesandsome2heavy,andsomelight,somedeep,andsomepaledots.Inthehandsofagoodpainter,brushesandinkcanbehighlyexpressive.Becauseofthis,theyareseemednotonlyastoolsfordrawingpictures,butalsoasasymbolofartisticpursuit.Incomparisontoinkandwashpainting,thepalacepaintingspayattentiontofinebrushwork,detailsandelaboratecoloring.(三十九)中国服饰不仅是随着时间演变,还经常随着朝代的更替或者新统治者的圣旨(theimperialdecree)而发生巨大变化。在古代的封建社会(feudalsociety),人们的等级和地位,尤其是普通人还是上层社会的人,可以轻松地通过日常衣物区分开来。上层统治阶级中,只有皇帝可以穿黄色,而且传统的龙袍上有龙的图案。尽管现在没有“典型的”中国服装,但是如果一定要选一种“中国性”的服装,那就是旗袍(Cheongsam)。旗袍之所以流行是因为它非常适合中国女性的身材,线条简单,看起来优雅,四季都可以穿,老少皆宜,长短皆可。参考译文ClothinginChinadidnotonlyevolveovertime;itoftentransformeddramaticallyfollowingdynasticchangesortheimperialdecreeofanewruler.Inancientfeudalsociety,people’srankandpositioncouldeasilybedistinguishedfromtheirdailydress,especiallyfortheordinarypeopleandupper-class.Amongtheupperdominatingclass,onlytheEmperorcandressinyellowandthedragonpatternsareembroideredontraditionalChineseimperialdress.Althoughthereisno“typical”Chinesecostumetoday,ifwemustchooseonestyleofclothingepitomizes“Chineseness”,itwouldbetheCheongsam.It’spopularbecauseitfitsChinesefemales’figureswell,hassimplelinesandlookselegant;itissuitableforwearinginallseasonsbyyoungoroldandcaneitherbelongorshort.(二十八)七夕节(DoubleSeventhFestival),阴历七月七日,是一个充满浪漫的传统节日。这个节日是在盛夏(mid-summer),正当天气暖和,草和树郁郁葱葱(luxuriousgreen)。晚上,当天空点缀着(dot)星星的时候,人们可以看到银河系(MilkyWay)从北跨越到南。在银河的两边各有一颗明亮的星星遥遥相望。他们就是牛郎(Cowherd)和织女(WeaverMaid),关于他们,有一个美丽的爱情故事代代相传。参考译文TheDoubleSeventhFestival,onthe7thdayofthe7thlunarmonth,isatraditionalfestivalfullofromance.Thisfestivalisinmid-summerwhentheweatheriswarmandthegrassandtreesrevealtheirluxuriousgreens.Atnightwhentheskyisdottedwithstars,andpeoplecanseetheMilkyWayspanningfromthenorthtothesouth.Oneachbankofitisabrightstar,whichseeeachotherfromafar.TheyaretheCowherdandWeaverMaid,andaboutthemthereisabeautifullovestorypasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.(二十九)象征幸福的圆圆的甜甜的汤圆(dumpling)是在元宵节(LanternFestival)吃的传统食物。现在,在中国这些汤圆也是一种流行的甜点。汤圆有两种:一种是由白糖和红糖(brownsugar)、带香甜味的桂花(osmanthus)、坚果(nut)和芝麻(sesameseed)做的;另一种有肉和蔬菜馅料(fillings)。目前,为追求真3正独特的口味(flavor),中国人已经开始在汤圆中加入巧克力,尽管传统上是煮汤圆,但油炸甜汤圆越来越受欢迎。参考译文RoundsweetdumplingstraditionallyareeatenforhappinessontheLanternFestival.TodaythesedumplingsalsoareapopulardessertinChina,andcomeintwovarieties:oneismadeofwhiteandbrownsugar,sweet-scentedosmanthus,nutsandsesameseeds;theotherhasmeatandvegetablefillings.RecentlyChinesehavebegunaddingchocolateforatrulyuniqueflavor;eventhoughboileddumplingsaretraditional,friedsweetdumplingsarebecomingpopular.(三十二)尊老爱幼(respectingtheagedandlovingtheyoung)是中华民族的传统美德。千年以来,人们总是把这点看作是社会责任和行为规范(behavioralnorm)。战国时期(theWarringStatesPeriod)的孟子(Mencius)说过,老吾老以及人之老,幼吾幼以及人之幼。在中国,那些忽视这些道德原则(tenet)的人不仅会被公众批评,还会被法律制裁。参考译文RespectingtheagedandlovingtheyoungisatraditionalChinesevirtue.Forthousandsofyears,peoplehavealwaysconsidereditasocialresponsibilityandbehavioralnorm.MenciusintheWarringStates