中国农业用水存在的问题及节水对策

2120052TransactionsoftheCSAEVol.21SuppFeb.2005张明生,王　丰,张国平(,310029):,,,,,,:农业水资源;农业用水;节水农业;农艺;抗旱品种选育:S273:A:1002-6819(2005)ZK-0001-06:2004-06-04:(1958-),,,,310029Email:[e-mail]0,,,,;,,,[1,2],5500t,70%,90%[3],2030,16,5000kg6500kg203021(3600t)4000t,,6500kg,,11.1,,300km,80%,205060,,40,,,,,57%,43%[3,4],70%80%,80%,,1.2,,667m2()450500m3,1,2,,2.6%,[5],,,,,1kg/m3,2kg/m3[5,6]1.3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,[7]22.12.1.1　减少泡田时间和水分渗漏,,,,,150200mm,,,,2448,650900mm[8],,,,[9](),,,(SP)50%80%[10],,[11]2.1.2　减少土壤表面蒸发,,,()40%30%,,60%70%,,,,50%[12],,,,,,,,[13]2.1.3　通过非充分灌溉提高水分利用率(1/32/3),,,,,,,,,,[14]BoumanTuong[15]32,,510cm2.1.4　干湿交替灌溉,30%,44%,,1000m3/,,,,,[16,17],[15,17],,30%[18-20],,,,,2.2,2.2.1　作物对干旱的生理反应及其基因型差异1),,[21-23],[24],,,,,[25-26]2),,,,[27],3),,22005,,,,[28,29]4),,[30,31],,,(SOD)(CAT)(POD)[32-35],,,[36-38]5)(ABA),ABA,,ABALEA,[39]ABA,,[40]6),(LEA)LEA,,[41],LEA[42]2.2.2　抗旱品种选育途径,,,,,1),,RFLP,RAPDAFLPSSR,,,,,,[43]2),[28,29],(),,,(DREBCDPK),,,,[44,45]3),HVAlLEA[46],XuHVAl,[42]4),,SOD,POD,CATASP,GSH(),AsA()VE(a-),CAR(),FLA()ALK(),,(SODcDNA),2.32.3.1　管理创新,,[47],,,,,,,,,,,[48],,,,,,3:[49],,,,[50],,,,2.3.2　雨水收集1/5,,200600mm,[51],[52]32030,16,1700m3,400kg,,20301000m3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,;,;,;,;,,;,,;,,;,,[][1],,.[J].,2000,5:6-10.[2].[J].,2002,1:5-14.[3].[M].:,2003.[4],,.[J].,2004,4(3):35-38.[5].[J].,1999,1:1-6.[6],.[J].,2000,5:18-21.[7].21[J].,2002,1:14.[8]BhuiyanSI,SattarMA,KhanMAK.Improvingwateruseefficiencyinricethroughwetseeding[J].IrrigationScience,1995,16:1-8.[9]TuongTP.Productivewateruseinriceproduction:op-portunitiesandlimitations[J].JournalofCropProduc-tion.1999,2:241-246.[10]SharmaPK.Effectofperiodicmoisturestressonwateruseefficiencyinwetlandrice[J].Oryza,1989,26:252-257.[11]BoumanBAM,TuongTP.Fieldwatermanagementtosavewaterandincreaseitsproductivityinirrigatedlow-landrice[J].AgricWaterManage,2001,49:11-30.[12]WangHX,ZhangL,DawesWR,ChangmingLiu.Im-provingwateruseefficiencyofirrigatedcropsintheNorthChinaPlainmeasurementsandmodeling[J].A-gric.WaterManage,2001,48:151-167.[13],,.[J].,2002,2:12-16.[14]ZhangH,OweisTY.Water-yieldrelationsandoptimalirrigationschedulingofwheatintheMediterraneanre-gion[J].AgriculturalWaterManagement,1999,38:195-211.[15]BoumanBAM,TuongTP.Fieldwatermanagementtosavewaterandincreaseitsproductivityinirrigatedlow-landrice[J].AgricWaterManage,2001,49:11-30.[16]MishraHS,RathoreTR,PantRC.Effectofintermit-tentirrigationongroundwatertablecontribution,irriga-tionrequirementsandyieldofriceinmollisolsofTarairegion[J].AgricWaterManage,1990,18:231-241.[17]TabbalDF,BoumanBAM,BhuiyanSI,etal.On-farmstrategiesforreducingwaterinputinirrigatedrice:casestudiesinthePhilippines[J].AgricWaterManage,2002,56:93-112.[18]BelderP,BoumanBAM,CabangonR,etal.Effectofwater-savingirrigationonriceyieldandwateruseintyp-icallowlandconditionsinAsia[J].AgricWaterMange,2004,65:193-210.[19]SandhuBS,KheraKL,PriharSS,etal.Irrigationneedandyieldofriceonasandy-loamsoilasaffectedby42005continuousandintermittentsubmergence[J].IndJAgriSci,1980,50:492-496.[20]MishraHS,RathoreTR,PantRC.Effectofintermit-tentirrigationongroundwatertablecontribution,irriga-tionrequirementsandyieldofriceinmollisolsofTarairegion[J].AgricWaterManage,1990,18:231-241.[21]KrauseGH,WeisE.Chlorophyllfluorescenceasatoolinplantphysiology.II.InterpretationofFluorescenceSignals[J].PhotosynRes,1984,(5):139-157.[22],,,.[J].,1996,11(4):80-83.[23],,,.[J].,1997,12(2):76-78.[24],.[J].,1991,9(4):60-63.[25]WonprasaidS,KhunthasuvonS,SittsuangP,etal.Performanceofcontrastingricecultivarsselectedforrainfedlowlandconditionsinrelationtosoilfertilityandwateravailability[J].FieldCropsRes,1996,47:267-275.[26]GloriaS.Cabuslay,OsamuIto,etal.Physiologicale-valuationofresponsesofrice(OryzaSativaL.)towaterdeficit[J].PlantSci,2002,163:815-827.[27]JongdeeB,FukaiS,CooperM.Leafwaterpotentialandosmoticadjustmentasphysiologicaltraitstoimprovedroughttoleranceinrice[J].FieldCropsRes,2002,76:153-163.[28],,,.[J].,1996,12(1):65-70.[29]WenetilnykEA,HansonAD.Ularcloningofaplantbetaing-aldehydedehydrogenase,anenzymeimprovingplantdrought,saltandfreezingtolerancebygenetrans-ferofasinglestress-inducibietranscriptionfactor[J].NatureBiotechnology,1999,17:287-291.[30]VieraDas.Waterandplantlife[M].Berlin:SpringerVerlag,1976:224-227.[31],,,.[J].,1994,20:145-151.[32]DhindsaRS,DhindsaPP,ThorpeTA.Leafsenes-cencecorrelatedwithincreasedlevelsofmembraneper-meabilityandlipidperoxidationanddecreasedlevelsofsuperoxidedismutaseandcatalase[J].JournalofExperi-mentBotany,1981,32:93-101.[33].[J].,1989,6(4):211-217.[34],.[J].,1996,32(2):144-150.[35],,.(SOD)[J].,1989,27(1):1-7.[36],,,.[J].,1998,18(3):200-202.[37],.[J].,2003,4(3):270-273.[38],,,.[J].,2000,17(1):35-37.[39],,.ABA[J].,2003,21(2):99-104.[40],,.[J].,2002,35(5):498-501.[41],.[J].,2001,18(2):42-46.[42]XuD,DuanX,WangB,etal.Expressionofalateem-bryogenesisabundantproteingene,HVAI,frombar1eyconferstolerancetowaterdeficitandsaltstressintrans-genicrice[J].PlantPhysiol,1996,110:249-257.[43]TanksleySD,YoungND,PatersonAH,etal.RFLPmappinginplantbreeding:newtoolsforanoldscience[