中国农业面源污染形势估计及控制对策__欧美国家农业面源污染状况及

EstimationofAgriculturalNon-PointSourcePollutioninChinaandtheAlleviatingStrategies.StatusofAgriculturalNon-PointSourcePollutionandtheAlleviatingStrategiesinEuropeanandAmericanCountriesZHANGWei-li1,JIHong-jie1,KOLBEH.2,XUAi-guo1(1SoilandFertilizerInstitute,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Beijing100081;2SächsischeLandesanstaltfürLandwirtschaft,Gustav-Kühn-Str.8,D-04159Leipzig)Abstract:Agriculturalnon-pointsourcepollutionisnowtheleadingsourceofwaterpollution.Thealleviationofagriculturalnon-pointsourcepollutionisbecomingthemostimportantissueforsustainableagriculturalandsocialdevelopmentintheworld.Tothischallengegreateffortshavebeenmadeduringthelasttwodecades.Indevelopedcountries,differentmeasuresofsourcecontrollinghavebeenappliedtoreducepollutantsresultingfromdifferentmajornon-pointsourcecategories,i.e.cropproductionandanimalhusbandryaswellasurbanrunoff.Environment-friendlyalternativessuchasBNMP(bestnutrientmanagementpractices)havebeenencouragedtoreplacetheconventionalproductiontechniques.Regulationsandrelatedstandardshavebeensetdowntoprohibitagriculturalactivitiesinducingwatereutrophicationandtoreducewashingofpollutantsintoaquaticecosystems.Thetechnicalstandardsincludeconfinedanimalfacilities,fieldcroptype,rotationform,plowing,pesticidespraying,irrigation,fertilizing,plantingandharvesting.InthecountiesofEuropeanCommunity,wherehighfertilizerapplicationratehaveresultedinheavygroundwaternitratepollution,consumptionofnitrogenandphosphorusfertilizerreducedby30%and50%respectivelysince1980s.Theproblemofagriculturalnon-pointsourcepollutionhasbeenamendedtosomeextent.TheexperiencesfromthesecountiesprovidevaluableelicitationforChinaindevelopmentstrategiesandtechnologytoreducewaterpollution.Keywords:Agriculturalnon-pointsourcepollution;Bestnutrientmanagementpractices;Environment-friendlyalternatives;Europe××××·············References