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EnglishLexicology(英语词汇学)Lexicology（词汇学）:isabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.TheNatureandScopeofEnglishlexicology：EnglishlexicologyaimsatinvestigatingandstudyingthemorphologicalstructuresofEnglishwordsandwordequivalents,theirsemanticstructures,relations,historicaldevelopment,formationandusages.ThesubjectsthatEnglishLexicologycorrelatedwithandextentto：EnglishLexicologyiscorrelatedwithsuchlinguisticdisciplinesasmorphology(形态学),semantics(语义学),etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）andlexicography(词典学)ThereasonforastudenttostudyEnglishlexicology：Accordingtothetextbook,EnglishLexicologywilldefinitelybebeneficialforstudentsofEnglish.AgoodknowledgeofmorphologicalstructuresofEnglishwordsandrulesofword-formationwillhelplearnersdeveloptheirpersonalvocabularyandconsciouslyincreasetheirwordpower.Theinformationofthehistoricaldevelopmentandtheprinciplesofclassificationwillgivethemadeeperunderstandingofword-meaningandenablethemtoorganize,classifyandstorewordsmoreeffectively.Theunderstandingandtheirsenserelationswillgraduallyraisetheirawarenessofmeaningandusage,andenablethemusewordsmoreaccuratelyandappropriately.Aworkingknowledgeofdictionarieswillimprovetheirskillsofusingreferencebooksandraisetheirproblem-solvingabilityandefficiencyofindividualstudy.Chapter1--BasicconceptsofwordsandvocabularyWord（词的定义）:Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage(2)asoundunity(3)aunitofmeaning(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentenceSoundandmeaning（声音与意义）:almostarbitrary,“nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself”Soundandform（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）theEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachother（2）thepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears（3）someofthedifferencewerecreatesbytheearlyscribes（4）theborrowingsisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabularyVocabulary（词汇）:allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabularyClassificationofEnglishWords：Byusefrequency:basicwordstock&nonbasicvocabularyBynotion:contentwords&functionalwordsByorigin:nativewords&borrowedwordsThebasicwordstock（基本词汇）:isthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.ThoughitconstituteasmallpercentageoftheEV,itisthemostimportantpartofvocabulary.TheFundamentalFeaturesoftheBasicWordStock(基本词汇的特征):1)All-Nationalcharacter（全民通用性mostimportant）2)Stability（相对稳定性）3)Productivity（多产性）4)Polysemy（多义性）5)Collocability（可搭配性）没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语)(2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang（俚语）(4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectalwords(方言)(6)Archaisms（古语）(7)Neologisms（新词语）:Neologismsmeansnewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.(email)Contentwords/notionalwords实词(cloud,runwalk,never,five,frequently)andfunctionalwords/emptywords虚词(on,of,and,be,but)NativeWordsandBorrowedWordsNativewords（本族语词）:knownasAnglo-Saxonwords(50,000-60,000),arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe5thcenturybytheGermanictribes.(mainstreamofthebasicword-stocks).Twootherfeatures:(1)neutralinstyle(2)frequentinuseBorrowedwords/Loanwords（外来语词）:wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguages.(80%ofmodernEV)4Typesofloanwords:1)denizens(同化词):(shirtfromskyrta(ON))2)aliens（非同化词/外来词）:areborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling(kowtow(CH)磕头)3)translationloans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语longtimenosee(fromChina)4)semanticloans（借义词）：theyarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,buttheirmeaningsareborrowedChapter2thedevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabularyTheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily(印欧语系)TheEightGroupsinIndo-EuropeanFamilyofLanguages（8大印欧语群）TheEasternset:（1）TheBalto-slavicGroup（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czechetc.（2）TheIndo-IranianGroup（印度-伊朗语族）：Hindi,Bengali,Persianetc.(3)TheArmenianGroup（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian.(4)TheAlbanianGroup（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian.TheWesternset:(5)TheHellenicGroup（古希腊语族）：Greek.(6)TheItalianGroup（意大利语族）：Latin,Romancelanguages(French,Italian,Spanish,portuguese,Romanian)etc.(7)TheCelticGroup（凯尔特语族）：Irish,Welsh,Bretonetc.(8)TheGermanicGroup（日耳曼语族）：Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian,Swedish,Danish,Icelandic)etc.TheThreeStagesofDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary:1OldEnglish(450-1100)(vocabulary50,000to60,000):wasIhighinflectedlanguage.2MiddleEnglish(1150-1500):retainesmuchfewerinflections3ModernEnglish(1500-uptonow):infactmorethan25%ofmodernEwordscomealmostdirectlyfromclassicallanguages.InModernE,wordsendingsweremostlylostwithjustafewexpections.Englishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguage(OldEnglish)tothepresentanalyticlanguage.ModesofVocabularyDevelopment(词汇的发展模式):1)creation创造新词：theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelytoots,affixesandotherelements.(最重要方式)2)semanticchange旧词新义:doesnotincreasethenumberofwordformsbutcreatemanymorenewuseagesofthewords.3)borrowing借用外来词:constitutemerely6to7percentofallnewwordsRevivingwordsorobsoletewordsalsocontributestothegrowthofEnglishvocabularythoughquiteinsignificant.Chapter3WordFormationIMorpheme(词素):thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwordsAllomorph(