国贸讲义第十章至第十二章

Chapter10ExportandImportFinancing进出口融资TitlesforChapter10LackofTrust缺乏信任LetterofCredit信用证Draft汇票Billoflading提单TitlesforSupplementaryReading(1)MethodsofPaymentinInternationalTrade国际贸易付款方式FactorstoBeConsideredWhenExtendingCredittoOverSeasCustomers给海外客户提供信贷时要考虑的要件TitlesforSupplementaryReading(1)●Countrystability(politicalandcurrency)国家稳定情况（政治和货币）●Customercreditworthiness客户的信誉度●Competition竞争力情况●Exporter’sfinancialresources出口商的财力（财政资源）状况TitlesforSupplementaryReading(1)ChiefMethodsofPaymentinInternationalTrade国际贸易主要付款方式PaymentinAdvance/CashinAdvance预付款/预付现金LetterofCredit信用证TitlesforSupplementaryReading(1)1.Definition信用证定义2.ProcessofusingL/Cforreceivingpayment使用信用证收取货款的过程3.PrimePartiestoaletterofcredit信用证当事人●Thebuyer/importer买方/进口方●Theopeningorissuingbank开证行TitlesforSupplementaryReading(1)●Theadvisingbank通知行●Theconfirmingbank保兑行●Thepaybank付款行●Theseller/exporter卖方/出口方4.Principaltypesoflettersofcredit信用证的主要类型●Anirrevocableletterofcredit不可撤销信用证TitlesforSupplementaryReading(1)●Arevocable可废止的;可撤回的letterofcredit可撤销信用证●Aconfirmedletterofcredit保兑信用证●Anunconfirmedletterofcredit不保兑信用证●Acircularletterofcredit巡回信用证●Adocumentaryletterofcredit跟单信用证TitlesforSupplementaryReading(1)DocumentaryCollectionagainstPaymentsorAcceptance跟单托收（付款交单或承兑交单）OpenAccount记账（赊账）MinimumGuarantee最低保证Consignment寄售（代销）TitlesforSupplementaryReading(2)OtherFormsofTradeFinance贸易融资的其他类型MeaningofTradeFinance贸易融资的含义OtherFormsofTradeFinancing贸易融资的其他类型BorrowingAgainstReceivables凭应收账款借款TitlesforSupplementaryReading(2)SaleofReceivables应收款的出售Factoring代收债款Forfaiting福费廷（卖单（业务），中长期贸易融资业务）InternationalLeasing国际租赁Notesbillofladingbilloflading(B/L,OceanBillofLading)提单，提货单，海运提单（一种装运单据）Abillofladingisissuedbyacarrier（承运人）toashipper（托运人）,signedbythecaptain,agent,orownerofavessel,furnishingwrittenevidenceregardingreceiptofthegoods(cargo),theconditionsonwhichtransportationismade(contractofcarriage),andtheengagementtodeliverNotesbillofladinggoodsattheprescribedportofdestinationtothelawfulholderofthebilloflading.有承运人开给发货人，有船长、代理人或船主签署的，作为收到商品（货物）承诺将商品运达指定港口交予提单法定持有人的载明运输条件（运货合同）的书面证明。NotesbillofladingAbilloflading,therefore,bothareceiptformerchandiseandacontracttodeliveritasfreight.因此，提单既是商品的收据又是交付商品的运货合同。Thereareanumberofdifferenttypesofbillsoflading.提单可分为不同的类型：Notesbilloflading(a)Astraightbilloflading直接提单（记名提单，收货人抬头提单）Itindicatesthattheshipperwilldeliverthegoodstotheconsignee.它表明发货人将直接把货物交给收货人。Thedocumentitselfdoesnotgivetitletothegoods(non-negotiable).该提单本身并不代表货物的所有权（不可转让）Theconsigneeneedonlyidentifyhimselftoclaimthegoods.收货人只需证明自己的身份即可领取这些货物。Astraightbillofladingisoftenusedwhenpaymentforthegoodshasbeenmadeinadvance.直接提单经常在预付货款的情况下使用。(b)Ashipper’sorderbilloflading发货人指示提单Itisatitledocumenttothegoods,issued“totheorderof”aparty,usuallytheshipper,whoseendorsementisrequiredtoeffectitsnegotiation.货物的所有权凭证，一般写有“按某人（通常为发货人）指示”字样，转让时必须经发货人背书。Becauseitisnegotiable,ashipper’sorderbillofladingcanbebought,sold,ortradedwhilegoodsareintransitandiscommonlyusedforletter-of-credittransactions.由于该凭证具有可转让性，因此在货物转运期间，该凭证可被购买、出售或交易，通常被运用于信用证交易中。Thebuyerusuallyneedstheoriginaloracopyasproofofownershiptotakepossessionofthegoods.买主通常需要该提单的正本或副本作为获得货物所有权的证明。(c)Anairwaybill空运提单Itisaformofbillofladingusedfortheairtransportofgoodsandisnotnegotiable.空运货物时使用的提单，它是不可转让的。(d)Acleanbilloflading清洁提单Itisabillofladingwherethecarrierhasnotedthatthemerchandisehasbeenreceivedinapparentgoodcondition(noapparentdamage,loss,etc.)andwhichdoesnotbearsuchnotationas“Shipper’sLoadandCount,”(货主装载、计数)etc.由承运人注明所运货物在收到时表面状况良好（无明显损坏或遗失等）的提单。Notesbilloflading(e)Aclausedbilloflading不洁提单（附批注提单，附条款提单）Itisabillofladingwhichcontainsnotationwhichspecifydeficientcondition(s)ofthegoodsand/orpackaging.附有货物及（或）其包装状况不良等说明条款的提单。提单是有船长或运输代理人签发的证明收到托运货物的一种书面证件其中需载明货物的内容、运输合同、货物收据、物权凭证Notesletterofcreditletterofcredit(L/C)信用证，信用状，信用证书，信用许可证Formalterm:Documentarycreditordocumentaryletterofcredit.正式名称：跟单信用或跟单信用证Aletterofcreditisadocumentissuedbyabankstatingitscommitmenttopaysomeone(supplier/exporter/seller)astatedamountofmoneyonbehalfofabuyer(importer)solongasthesellermeetsveryspecifictermsandconditions.信用证是银行代表买方（进口商）开具的，承诺在卖方履行非常具体的合同条件和条款之后，支付给某人（供应商、出口商或买主）一定金额的书面文件。Lettersofcreditaremoreformallycalleddocumentarylettersofcreditbecausethebankshandlingthetransactiondealindocumentsasopposedtogoods.由于银行是根据单据而不是根据商品来进行交易，故信用证更多地被正式称为跟单信用证。Thetermsandconditionslistedinthecreditallinvolvepresentationofspecificdocumentswithinastatedperiodoftime,hencetheformalname-documentarycredit.信用证条款均包含要求在规定期限内提交规定的单据，故其正式名称为跟单信用证。Thedocumentsthebuyerrequiresinthecreditmayvary,butataminimumincludeaninvoiceandabilloflading.买方在信用证中要求的单据可能千变万化，但至少包括发票和提单。NotesletterofcreditOtherdocumentsthebuyermayspecifyarecertificateoforigin,consularinvoice,insurancecertificate,inspectioncertificateandothers.买方可能指定的其他单据有：原产地证明、领事发票、保险证明书、检验证书等。Lettersofcreditarethemostcommonmethodofmakinginternationalpayments,becausetherisksofthetransactionaresharedbyboththebuyerandthesupplier.由于交