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UnitOneTechnologyvs.TerrorismTextUnderstandingTechnologyvs.TerrorismToxinsniffers*,missilejammers*,dirty-bombdetectors*：Thepost-9／11securityblitzisaffectingmorethanpublicsafety---it'schangingthecourseofscience1.toxinsniffers:毒素嗅探器2.missilejammers:导弹人为干扰发射机3.dirty-bombdetectors:放射性核弹探测器[1]Intherace*topreventfuture9/11-styleattacks---orworse---WashingtonhasmarshaledtheU.S.scienceestablishmentonascalenotseensinceSputnik*.Federalinvestmentinhomeland-defenseresearchhasswallowed*nearly$4billionsince2003,andthat’samereadropoftotalsecurityspending.Moreimportantisthattheacceleratedspendinghasbroughttogether*formerlydisparatedisciplines:Softwareengineers,epidemiologistsandbiologistshaveteamedup*toproducetechnologiesthatprotectairandfoodagainstbioterrorism.Nuclearphysicistsandbioterrorismspecialistsnowcooperatewiththebestbrainsinbehavioralsciencetodevisewaystoreducethethreatofnuclearsmugglingandsuicidebombers.[2]Yetsomeexpertsarguethatmuchofthebigspendingprovidesonlyanillusorysenseofsecurity.“Alotofitissecuritytheatertechnologydesignedtomakeyoufeelbetter,”saysBruceSchneier,authorofBeyondFear：ThinkingSensiblyaboutSecurityinanUncertainWorld*.Hepointstohigh-techprotectionpouredintolandmarks*,fromtheWhiteHousetolocalcityhalls,thatheclaimsdivertsterroristattentionto“softer”targetslikesubwaysandstadiums.Butthegovernmentseemstohavetakenthepoint.Itsever-expandinghomeland-securitymeasurescovernotjustbigtargetsbutthenation'sbroadervulnerabilitiesaswell.Herearefiveofthehighest-riskareas,alongwithsomeofthetechnologiesemergingoverthenextfewyearstodefendthem.Softtarget(受攻击目标)isamilitarytermreferringtounarmored/undefendedtargetsneedingtobedestroyed.hardtargetAir,Water,FoodSupplies[3]Oneofthebiggestchallengesinthisareaistodevelopsensorsthatcansniffoutattacksoneverythingfromcropsinfieldstoair-conditioningsystemsinpublicspaces.theEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,inconjunctionwiththeCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionandtheFederalBureauofInvestigation,hasdeployedanetworkofminiaturetoxindetectorsin30Americancitiesaspartofa$300-millionprogramcalledBioWatch.Thefilterscollectair-bornetoxins,whicharesenttolaboratoriesforanalysis.[4]ScientistsatLawrenceLivemoreNationalLaboratoryhavepushedthisideafurtherwiththeirAutonomousPathogen*DetectionSystem,orAPDS.Inspiredbythe1995SaringasattackintheTokyosubway①.APDScanidentifychemicalsandbiotoxinswithoutrequiringresearcherstogatherdailysamplingsandwaitforreadouts.1.pathogenn.病原体Hookedtotheventilationsystemofamall,trainstationorothergatheringplace,APDScanperform178separatesamplingsofairoveraweekwithouthumaninterventionandrelayitsfindingswirelesslytoacentrallab.It’sbeentestedinNewYorkCityandcoulddebutinotherurbanareasby2008.Borders,infrastructure[5]Since2004,some60millionvisitorstotheU.S.havehadtheirtwoindexfingerprintsrecordedbyanopticalscannerthatcheckstheinformationagainstawatchlistinWashington。D.C.The$1.5-billionU.S.-VISITbiometrics*programhasidentified1,100peopletryingtoenterthecountryunderfalsepretenses*andmorethan20,000would-beentrantswithquestionablebackgrounds.1.biometricsn.生物计量（统计）学2.pretensen.pretext借口[6]Asthearchive*ofvisaapplicantsballoons*,scansofall10fingerswillprovidemorefail-safe*identifications.Systemsmayalsoemployiris*scansandvoiceprints*.1.archiven.档案2.balloonvi.toswellorincreaserapidlyinsize激增,膨胀3.fail-safeadj.safefromfailure保证不会失败的；自动防止故障危害的4.irisn.（眼球的）虹膜5.voiceprintn.声纹，声印（用仪器对人的说话声所做的等高线记录，声纹因人而异，犹如指纹）Inthemeantime,at100portsandborderpoints,atruck-mountedscannercalledVACIS(VehicleandCargoInspectionSystem),designedbyScienceApplicationsInternationalCorporation,givescustomsinspectorsatooltoprobetheinnards*oftrucksandcargocontainerswithoutpryingthemopen.1.innardsn.内部VACISuseslow-energygammaraysthatpenetrateevenlead-linedboxestoproducegrainyimagesinaslittleassixseconds.Iftheoperatordetectsobjectsthatdon'tmatchwhat’slistedonashippingmanifest*,thecontainercanbeshunted*offforinspection.1.manifest△n.alistofgoodscarried,esp.onaship载货清单（尤指船载）2.shunt△vt.to(causeto)gotooneside,offcourse.（使）被搁置一侧[7]Alsoindevelopmentaremicron*-sizesensors---knownas“smartdust”or“motes”—thatcanbesprinkledaroundpipelines,unguardedbordersandutilityplantstomonitorintrusionsorthereleaseofbiologicalaerosols*,chemicalsorradiation.1.micronn.微米2.aerosol△n.浮尘Buildingonadvancesinsensortelemetry*,thesebattery-poweredcomputersformanetworkofelectroniceyes,earsandnosesthatcancommunicatewithoneanotheralongalow-bandwidthfrequencyandbeam*readingstoacentralserver.Expertssaythat,dependingonfunding,motes*couldbereadyfornationwidedeploymentby2010.1.telemetryn.遥测技术2.beamvt.tosendoutinacertaindirection向某一方向播送，发射3.moten.averysmallpieceorgrain(esp.ofdust)微粒，尘埃Transportation[8]Subways,buses,trainsandplanes—andthehubsthatservicethem—arevulnerabletothreatsrangingfromaerosol-bornepathogensand“dirtybomb”radiationtotruckbombers.TechnologyoutoftheCaliforniabranchofSandiaNationalLaboratoriesconnectssensorswirelesslyorthroughfiberopticstoashoebox-sizedevicecalledallIntelligentSensingModule*,orISM.1.module△n.astandardself-containedunit模块，微型组件Anetwor