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《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版·上)中国人民大学出版社UnitThreeRatsandMenInsolubleProblems1.Text2.Exercises3.SupplementaryReadingRatsandMenInsolubleProblemsS.I.Hayakawa①1.neurosisn.functionalderangementcausedbydisorderofthenervoussystemorbysomethinginthesubconsciousmind神经官能病2.induce※v.persuadeorinfluence;leadorcause劝诱；促使[1]ProfessorN.R.F.MaieroftheUniversityofMichiganperformedaseriesofexperimentsseveralyearsagoinwhichneurosis*isinduced*inrats.Theratsarefirsttrainedtojumpofftheedgeofaplatformatoneoftwodoors.Iftheratjumpstotheright,thedoorholdsfast,anditbumpsitsnoseandfallsintoanet;ifitjumpstotheleft,thedooropens,andtheratfindsadishoffood.Whentheratsarewelltrainedtothisreaction,thesituationischanged.Thefoodisputbehindtheotherdoor,sothatinordertogettheirrewardtheynowhavetojumptotherightinsteadoftotheleft.(Otherchanges,suchasmarkingthetwodoorsindifferentways,mayalsobeintroducedbytheexperimenter.)Iftheratfailstofigureoutthenewsystem,sothateachtimeitjumpsitneverknowswhetheritisgoingtogetfoodorbumpitsnose,itfinallygivesupandrefusestojumpatall.Atthisstage,Dr.Maiersays,Manyratsprefertostarveratherthanmakeachoice.[2]Next,theratsareforcedtomakeachoice,beingdriventoitbyblasts*ofairoranelectricshock.Animalswhichareinducedtorespondintheinsoluble*problemsituation,saysDr.Maier,settledowntoaspecificreaction(suchasjumpingsolelyatthelefthanddoor)whichtheycontinuetoexecute*regardlessofconsequences....1.blastn.strong,suddenrushofwind一阵突然的劲风2.insolubleadj.thatcannotbesolvedorexplained不能解决3.executev.carryout执行Theresponsechosenundertheseconditionsbecomesfixated....Oncethefixation*appears,theanimalisincapableoflearninganadaptiveresponseinthissituation.Whenareactiontotheleft-handdooristhusfixated,theright-handdoormaybeleftopensothatthefoodisplainlyvisible.Yettherat,whenpushed,continuestojumptotheleft,becomingmorepanicky*eachtime.1.fixationn.fixing固定，执着2.panicky※adj.inastateofunreasoning,uncontrolledfear惊慌的Whentheexperimenterpersistsinforcingtherattomakechoices,itmaygointoconvulsions*,racingaroundwildly,injuringitsclaws,bumpingintochairsandtables,thengoingintoastateofviolenttrembling,untilitfallsintoacoma*.1.convulsionn.violentdisturbance;(usu.pl.)violentirregularmovementofalimborthebody震动；抽搐2.coma△n.unusualdeepsleepusu.frominjuryorillness昏迷Inthispassivestate,itrefusestoeat,refusestotakeanyinterestinanything:itcanberolledupintoaballorsuspended*intheairbyitslegs—therathasceasedtocarewhathappenstoit.Ithashadanervousbreakdown①.1.suspendv.hangup悬挂[3]Itistheinsolubilityoftherat'sproblemthatleadstoitsnervousbreakdown,and,asDr.Maiershowsinhisstudiesofdisturbedchildrenandadults,ratsandhumanbeingsseemtogothroughprettymuchthesamestages.First,theyaretrainedtomakehabituallyagivenchoicewhenconfrontedbyagivenproblem;secondly,theygetaterribleshockwhentheyfindthattheconditionshavechangedandthatthechoicedoesn'tproducetheexpectedresults;third,whetherthroughshock,anxiety,orfrustration*,theymayfixateontheoriginalchoiceandcontinuetomakethatchoiceregardlessofconsequences;fourth,theysullenlyrefusetoactatall;fifth,whenbyexternalcompulsion*theyareforcedtomakeachoice,theyagainmaketheonetheywereoriginallytrainedtomake-andagaingetabumponthenose;1.frustration※n.defeatordisappointment挫折2.compulsion△n.compellingorbeingcompelled强迫，被迫finally,evenwiththegoalvisibleinfrontofthem,tobeattained*simplybymakingadifferentchoice,theygocrazyoutoffrustration.Theyteararoundwildly;theysulkincornersandrefusetoeat;bitter,cynical*,disillusioned*,theyceasetocarewhathappenstothem.1.attainv.succeedindoingorgetting达到，实现2.cynicaladj.sneeringorcontemptuous嘲骂的，讽刺的3.disillusion△v.setfreefrommistakenbeliefs使幻想破灭[4]Isthisanexaggeratedpicture?Ithardlyseemsso.Thepatternrecurs*throughouthumanlife,fromthesmalltragediesofthehometotheworld-shakingtragediesamongnations.Inordertocureherhusband'sfaults,awifemaynaghim.Hisfaultsgetworse,soshenags*himsomemore.1.recurv.come,happenagain;berepeated重复2.nagv.scoldorcriticizesb.continuously唠叨；责骂不休Naturallyhisfaultsgetworsestill-andshenagshimevenmore.Governed,liketherat,byafixatedreactiontotheproblemofherhusband'sfaults,shecanmeetitonlyinoneway.Thelongershecontinues,theworseitgets,untiltheyarebothnervouswrecks.[5]Again,whitepeopleinanortherncity,deploring*theilliteracy*andhighcrimerateamongNegroes,segregatethem,persecutethem(itiswellknownthatthepolicearealmostalwaystougheronNegrosuspectsthanonwhites),anddenythemopportunitiesforemploymentandadvancement.1.deplorev.beverysorryabout(andconsiderwrong)哀叹，痛惜2.illiteracy※n.(instanceof)beingunabletoreadorwrite文盲，未受教育；无知Thedenialofopportunityperpetuatestheilliteracyandthehighcrimerate,whichinturnperpetuatethesegregation,persecution,anddenialofopportunity.Thesearchforawaytobreakupthisviciouscircletaxesthebestmindsamongthoseinterestedinorderlysocialchange:citycouncilmen,educators,urbanplanners,Negroorganizations,aswellasstategovernmentsandfederalauthorities.1.perpetuate※v.preservefrombeingforgotten使永存2.vicious△adj.havingfaults;corrupt错误的；堕落的；恶意的，凶恶的；恶性的3.taxv.beaburdenorstrain使负重荷，使受压力[6]Tociteanotherexample,studentstryingtoexpressthemselvesinwriti