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《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版·上)UnitTwoUnitTwoCancer&Chemicals1.Text2.Exercises3.SupplementaryReadingCancer&Chemicals---AreWeGoingTooFar?MarlaCone1.implement※v.carryout执行2.proposition△n.asuggestedoffer,arrangementorsettlement提议，提案[1]Lastyear,CaliforniagovernorGeorgeDeukmejian①calledtogethermanyofthestate'sbestscientificmindstobeginimplementing﹡Proposition﹡65,thestate'sSafeDrinkingWaterandToxicEnforcementAct②.Thisnewlawbansindustriesfromdischargingchemicalsuspectedofcausingcancer(carcinogens)orbirthdefectsintowatersupplies.Someclaimitwillalsorequirewarninglabelsoneverythingthatmightcausecancer.[2]Adayofesoteric﹡scienceandincomprehensiblejargon﹡waspredicted.ButBruceAmes①,chairmanofthedepartmentofbiochemistryattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,hadplanstoliventheproceedings.1.esotericadj.mysterious,taughttoaselectfew,(ofknowledge,interests,etc.)limitedtoasmallcircleofpeople神秘的；局限于少数人的2.jargonadj.theterminologyofaprofession,group,etc.行话[3]Walkingintotheroom,Ameslookedlikethequintessential﹡scientist:wire-rimmed﹡bifocals,rumpled﹡suit,tousled﹡hairandasallow﹡complexion﹡thatshowedhespentmoretimeinhislaboratorythanintheCaliforniasunshine.1.quintessentialadj.ofperfectexample完美典型的2.rim※n.theoutsideedgeorborderof,esp.aroundorcircularobject(尤指圆形或环形物品的)外缘，框架3.rumplev.disarrange(clothes,hair,etc.)弄皱4.touslev.disarrange,esp.thehair弄乱(尤指头发)5.sallowadj.yellowandunhealthy-looking(指皮肤)病黄色的6.complexion※n.thenaturalcolourandappearanceoftheskin,esp.oftheface(脸部)皮肤，肤色Assomeoneintoned﹡aboutthemechanismsofcarcinogenesis﹡,Amesbegantointerject﹡hisownviews.1.intonev.recite(aprayer,psalm,etc.)inasingingtone;speakwithaparticulartone吟诵(祈祷文、赞美诗等)；以特殊音调说话2.carcinogenn.asubstancewhichtendstoproduceacancerinthebody致癌物质3.interjectv.makeasuddenremarkbetweenothers突然插入说话[4]Thewholeworldischock-fullofcarcinogens,Amesdeclared.“Abeer,withits700partsperbillionofformaldehyde﹡andfivepartsper100ofalcoholisathousandtimesmorehazardousthananythinginthewater.Ifyouhavebeeronyourbreath,doesthatmeanyouhavetowarneveryonewhocomeswithintenfeetofyou?1.formaldehyden.atypeofcolourlessgas甲醛[5]Inanerawhenheadlinesshoutaboutthelatestcancerscare,Ameshasadifferentmessage:thelevelsofmostman-madecarcinogensaregenerallysolowthatanydangeristrivialcomparedwiththelevelsofnaturalcarcinogens.[6]Amesisnotaquack.Atage59,heisoneofthenation'smostrespectedauthoritiesoncarcinogenesis.Hisresumeispackedwithhonors,includingtheCharles.MottPrize①fromtheGeneralMotorsCancerResearchFoundation②,oneofthemostprestigiousawardsincancerresearch,andmembershipintheNationalAcademyofSciences③.1.quackn.apersondishonestlyclaimingtohavespecial,esp.medicalknowledgeandpractisingaskillhedoesnothave冒充内行之人(尤指医术方面)；江湖医生2.prestigious※adj.havingorbringingprestige有名望的，有威信的EvenhiscriticssaytheAmestest—hissimple,inexpensivelaboratoryprocedurethathelpsdeterminewhetherasubstancemightcausecancer—isaremarkableachievement.[7]ButAmesslaughters﹡sacredcows﹡.He'stakingontheenvironmentalmovement,whichsomehavecalledthesinglemostimportantsocialmovementofthe20thcentury.InApril1987,forinstance,heandtwocolleagues,RenaeMagawandLoisSwirskyGold,publishedareportinSciencemagazinethatrankedvariouspossiblecancerrisks.1.slaughtervt.tokill(animals)forfood屠宰(动物)2.asacredcowanypersonorthingregardedasabovecriticismorattack神圣不可侵犯的人或物Basedonanimaltestsofnearly1,000chemicals,thedatashowthatdailyconsumptionoftheaveragepeanut-buttersandwich,whichcontainstracesofaflatoxin﹡(anaturallyoccurringmoldcarcinogeninpeanuts),is100timesmoredangerousthanourdailyintakeofDDTfromfood,andthataglassofthemostpollutedwellwaterintheSilicon﹡Valleyis1,000timeslessofcancerriskthanaglassofwineorbeeris.1.aflatoxinn.黄曲霉毒素2.silicon※n.硅He'snotadvisingpeopletostopconsumingpeanut-butter,beerandwine.Whathe'ssayingisthatmostcancerriskscreatedbymanaretrivialcomparedwitheverydaynaturalrisks,andit'snotclearhowmanyofthesearerealrisks.Bothtypesdistract﹡attentionfromsuchenormousriskfactorsastobacco.1.distractv.drawaway(person’sattentionfromsth.)转移（一个人的注意力），使分心[8]Ames'scancerresearchbeganabout25yearsagooverabagofpotatochips.Ames,thenconductingresearchfortheNationalInstitutesofHealthinMaryland,wasreadingtheingredients﹡onthebag.Itstruckhimthatnooneknewwhateachchemicaldidtohumangenes﹡,andtherewasnoeasywaytofindout.1.ingredient※n.aparticularoneofamixtureofthings(混合的)成分2.genen.基因[9]Atthattime,scientiststestingforcarcinogenicityhadtosetuptimeconsumingandcostlylabexperimentsonratsandmice.Armedwiththeknowledgethatbacteriaaresensitivetosubstancesthatcausemutation,andthatcarcinogenswerelikelytobemutagens,Amesdevelopedacarcinogentestusingbacteria.TheAmestestwashailedasamajorscientificdevelopmentandisnowusedworldwide.1.mutationn.suddeninheritabledivergencefromancestraltype突变，变异[10]Onedayin1974Ames,nowteachingatBerkeley,suggestedthatsomestudentstestvarioushouseholdproducts.Tohissurprise,manycommonhairdyestestedpositive,asdidaflameretardant﹡usedinchildren'spajamas﹡.Almostovernight,Amesbecameaheroofenvironmentalistswhenhisfindingsledtonewregulationsandbansoncertainchemicals.1.aflameretardant阻燃剂2.pajamasn.(pl.)loos