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《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版·上)中国人民大学出版社UnitOneYouAreWhatYouThink1.Text2.Exercises3.SupplementaryReadingYouAreWhatYouThinkAndifyouchangeyourmind—frompessimismtooptimism—youcanchangeyourlifeClaipeSafran1.doughnutn..炸面圈2.clichén.ideaorexpressionthathasbeentoomuchusedandisnowoutdated;stereotypedphrase;triteexpression陈腔滥调3.scrutinizev..makeadetailedexaminationof细查，详审；审视[1]Doyouseetheglassashalffullratherthanhalfempty?Doyoukeepyoureyeuponthedoughnut﹡,notuponthehole?Suddenlytheseclichés﹡arescientificquestions,asresearchersscrutinize﹡thepowerofpositivethinking.[2]Afast-growingbodyofresearch—104studiessofar,involvingsome15000people—isprovingthatoptimism﹡canhelpyoutobehappier,healthierandmoresuccessful.Pessimism﹡leads,bycontrast,tohopelessness,sicknessandfailure,andislinkedtodepression﹡,lonelinessandpainfulshyness.1.optimism※n.beliefthatintheendgoodwilltriumphoverevil;tendencytolookuponthebrightsideofthings;confidenceinsuccess乐观；乐观主义2.pessimism※n.tendencytobelievethattheworstthingismostlikelytohappen,thateverythingisessentiallyevil悲观；悲观主义3.depression※n.beingsad;lowspirit沮丧，抑郁Ifwecouldteachpeopletothinkmorepositively,sayspsychologist﹡CraigA.AndersonofRiceUniversity①inHouston②，itwouldbelikeinoculatingthemagainstthesementalills.1.psychologistn.心理学家，研究心理学者[3]Yourabilitiescount,explainspsychologistMichaelF.Scheier①ofCarnegieMellonUniversity②inPittsburgh③,butthebeliefthatyoucansucceedaffectswhetherornotyouwill.Inpart﹡,that'sbecauseoptimistsandpessimistsdealwiththesamechallengesanddisappointmentsinverydifferentways.1.inpart:tosomeextent在某种程度上[4]Take,forexample,yourjob.Inamajorstudy,psychologistMartinE.P①.SeligmanoftheUniversityofPennsylvania②andcolleaguePeterSchulmansurveyedsalesrepresentativesattheMetropolitan﹡LifeInsuranceCo.Theyfoundthatthepositive-thinkersamonglongtimerepresentativessold37-percentmoreinsurancethandidthenegative-thinkers.Ofnewlyhiredrepresentatives,optimistssold20-percentmore.1.metropolitan※adj.oforinacapitalcity大城市的，大都会的，首府的[5]Impressed,thecompanyhired100peoplewhohadfailedthestandardindustrytestbuthadscoredhighonoptimism.Thesepeople,whomightneverhavebeenhired,sold10percentmoreinsurancethandidtheaveragerepresentative.[6]Howdidtheydoit?Thesecrettoanoptimist'ssuccess,accordingtoSeligman,isinhisexplanatorystyle.Whenthingsgowrongthepessimisttendstoblamehimself.I'mnogoodatthis,hesays,Ialwaysfail.Theoptimistlooksforloopholes﹡.Heblamestheweather,thephoneconnection﹡,eventheotherperson.1.loopholen.wayofescapefromcontrol,esp.oneprovidedbycarelessandinexactwordingofarule（因措词欠妥而造成的法规上的）漏洞2.connection※n.joiningorbeingjoined;pointwheretwothings连接；连接点；连接物Thatcustomerwasinabadmood,hethinks.Whenthingsgoright,theoptimisttakescredit﹡whilethepessimistseessuccessasafluke﹡.1.credit※n.honour,approval,goodnameorreputation荣誉；赞许；好名声2.fluken.somethingresultingfromafortunateaccident;luckystroke侥幸的结果；侥幸[7]CraigAndersonhadagroupofstudentsphonestrangersandaskthemtodonate﹡bloodtotheRedCross.Whentheyfailedonthefirstcallortwo,pessimistssaid,Ican'tdothis.Optimiststoldthemselves,Ineedtotryadifferentapproach.[8]Negativeorpositive,itwasaself-fulfillingprophecy﹡.Ifpeoplefeelhopeless,saysAnderson,theydon'tbothertoacquiretheskillstheyneedtosucceed.1.donatev.give(egmoney)toacharity,etc.;contribute捐赠；赠送2.prophecy△n.poweroftellingwhatwillhappeninthefuture;statementthattellswhatwillhappen预言能力；预言[9]Asenseofcontrol,accordingtoAnderson,isthelitmus﹡testforsuccess.Theoptimistfeelsincontrolofhisownlife.Ifthingsaregoingbadly,heactsquickly,lookingforsolutions,forminganewplanofaction,andreachingoutforadvice.Thepessimistfeelslikefate'splaything﹡andmovesslowly.Hedoesn'tseekadvice,sinceheassumesnothingcanbedone.1.litmusn.bluecolouring-matterthatisturnedredbyacidandthenrestoredbyalkali;materialstainedwithlitmususedasatestforacidsandalkalis石蕊；试验酸和碱用的石蕊试纸2.playthingn.toy;(fig.)somebodytreatedasameretoy玩具；（喻）被玩弄取乐的人；玩物[10]Optimistsmaythinktheyarebetterthanthefactswouldjustify—andsometimesthat'swhatkeepsthemalive.Dr.SandraLevyofthePittsburghCancerInstitutestudiedwomenwithadvancedbreast﹡cancer.Forthewomenwhoweregenerallyoptimistic,therewasalongerdisease-freeinterval,thebestpredictorofsurvival.Inapilotstudyofwomenintheearlystagesofbreastcancer,Dr.Levyfoundthediseaserecurred﹡sooneramongthepessimists.1.breast※n.eitherofthemilk-producingpartsofawoman;chest;upperfrontpartofthehumanbody乳房；胸膛；胸部2.recurv.comeorhappenagain;berepeated再来；再发生；重复[11]Optimismwon'tcuretheincurable,butitmaypreventillness.Inalongtermstudy,researchersexaminedthehealthhistoriesofagroupofHarvardgraduates,allofwhomwereinthetophalfoftheirclassandinfinephysicalcondition.Yetsomewerepositivethinkers,andsomenegative.Twentyyearslater,thereweremoremiddle-agediseases—hypertension﹡,diabetes﹡,heartailments﹡—amongthepessimiststhantheoptimists.1.hypertensionn.highbloodpressure高血压2.diabetesn.diseaseofthepancreasinwhichsugarandstarchyfoodscannotbeproperlyabsorbed糖尿病3.ailmentn.illness疾病[12]Manystudiessuggestthatthepessimist'sfeelingofhelplessnessundermines﹡thebody'snaturaldefenses,theimmune﹡system.Dr.ChristopherPeterson①oftheUniv