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农业产业化与发展中国家的农业・食物系统发展经济学石敏俊资源环境学院农业产业化与农业・食物系统•ExperienceofNorthAmerica:Whatisagriculturalindustrialization?Whyindustrialization?Whataretheconsequencesofindustrialization?•Developingcountry:Conceptanddeterminantsofindustrialization-incaseofChina•Policyeffectsofindustrialization-incaseofChina•VerticalcoordinationandruralorganizationExperienceofNorthAmerica•Somesectorsoftheagricultureindustry,suchaspoultryandporkhaveevolvedintoafoodproductionsystem.•Aprimarycharacteristicofaproductionsystemisthattherelationshipsamonginputsuppliers,producers/farmers,commoditybuyers,foodprocessors,andfooddistributorshavegrowncloser.ExperienceofNorthAmerica•Thecloserrelationshipsamongbusinessesinthefoodproductionsystemhavetakenseveralforms,suchasverticalintegration,productioncontracts,strategicalliance,farmer-ownedprocessingcooperatives.•Likesomeofthestrategiesalreadydescribed,thesearrangementshavecharacteristicsofbothverticalintegration(commonownership)andverticalcoordination(contractualrelationships).Whatisagriculturalindustrialization(Saxowsky1998)•Suchaprocessofstructuralchangetowardsverticalintegrationorverticalcoordinationiscalledindustrializationofagriculture.•Whatisindustrializationofagriculture?Industrializationofagricultureispeopleadoptingbusinessstrategiestoshiftthefarmbusinessawayfromperfectmarketandtosellintoamarketwithimperfectcompetition.Conceptofagriculturalindustrialization(ReardonandBarrett2000)•thegrowthofagro-processing,distribution,andfarm-inputprovisionactivitiesoff-farm(agro-industrialfirms);•institutionalandorganizationalchangeintherelationbetweenagro-industrialfirmsandfarms,suchasincreasingverticalcoordination;•concomitantchangesinthefarmsector,suchaschangesinproductcomposition,technology,andsectoralandmarketstructureWhyindustrialization•Industrializationofagricultureisoccurringbecauseintegratedownershiporproductioncontractsoftenoffertheopportunitiesforcoordinatedoperationandcontrolledbreedingandfeedingusefultoproduceastandardizedsteadystreamoftherightqualityofoutputattherighttimeattherightplaceattherightprice(Tweeten1998).Determinantsofindustrialization•Changingconsumerdemandisconsideredastheprimarydrivenforceofindustrialization.•Someonearguedthatindustrializationisdirectlydrivenbyprofitopportunitiesassociatedwithtechnologicalinnovationandreliesonmanagementdecision-makingofagribusinessfirmstorespondtochangingconsumerdemand.(RoyerandRogers1998)Determinantsofindustrializationfromproducersside•Ontheotherhand,thereasonsthatfarmersadoptedthesestrategiesmaybeconsideredthatfarmersbelieveothersectoroftheagricultureindustryoffernewopportunitiestoearnadditionalprofit,sotheyattempttobecomeinvolvedinthemwithoutdiscontinuingtheirfarmbusiness(Saxowsky1998).Whatconsequencesofindustrialization•Industrializationcanresultinlowerproductioncostandconsumerprices,thenimproveconsumerwelfare(Martinez2000).•Meanwhile,industrializationofagricultureimpactsfarmers,agribusinessfirms,andruralresidents.•Forexample,industrializationoffersfarmersanopportunitytoincreaseearningthroughahigher-valueddifferentiatedproduct,ratherthanfocusingonlyonloweringproductioncost.Beneficiary/Loserofindustrialization•Somecasestudiesshowedthatindustrializationindevelopingcountryhasimpactsonruraldevelopment(ReardonandBarrett2000).•Somepersonswillbenefitfromindustrializationwhileotherswillbeadverselyaffected.•Itisanimportantissueforpolicymakertogetanunderstandingonwhowillbebeneficiaryandwhowillbeloser?Industrializationindevelopingcountry•Globalization,market-orientedreform•Incomeincrease,urbanizationandconsumerdemandchange•Productdifferentiationandmarketsegmentation•Competitionandstructurechange•RuraldevelopmentandfarmincomeWhatcausesagriculturalindustrialization1Meta-Trends1.Incomeandpopulationgrowth2.Urbanizationandfemaleemployment3.Politicaleconomychange(capitalism)4.Moderntechnology(IT,Biotech)2GlobalAgri-foodEconomyChanges1.Globalizationandliberalization2.Organizational/institutionalchange(verticalcoordination)3.Technologicalchange(biotech,IT)3DevelopingCountryAgro-industries1.Increaseinscaleandconcentration(spatial,sectoral,firm)2.Product/subsectorcompositionchange(horticulture,processedretail)3.Extroversionofmarketsandownership(multi-nationalized)4.Increaseuseofcoordination4DevelopmentIndicators1.Growthinincomeandoutputpercapita2.Changesinpovertyandinequality3.Employmentandrealwage4.Naturalresourcedegradation5.Socioculturaleffects中国农业产业化的展开•山东省：先驱者•舆论宣传•各地普及•政策推进年月中国における農業産業化の展開1987山東省諸城市に貿工農一体化の推進1990山東省寿光市に産加銷一体化の推進1993.5山東省政府：農業産業化の推進1993.10農民日報に農業産業化の記事1995.5農民日報に農業産業化の評論1995.12人民日報に農業産業化の社説1997農業産業化の研究の活発化2000.11中央政府：農業産業化重点竜頭企業の援助に関する通知発表中国农业产业化的现状竜頭企業型46%仲介組織型29%産地市場型12%その他13%穀物・油・糖21%青果物27%畜産26%漁業6%その他20%沿海部56%中部37%西部7%农业产业化的基本理念：ReardonandBarrett(1)农产品加工・流通及生产资材部门的增长(2)以纵向协调为特征的Agribusiness企业与生产农户之间关系的制度上的・组织上的变化(3)农业生产结构的变化，例如，作物种植结构，栽培技术，投入资材构成中国农业产业化的主要观点•牛若峰1997：农业的市场化，一体化，专业化•万宝瑞2000：农业的市场化，一体化•陈吉元1997：农业的市场化，社会化，集约化•严瑞珍1997：农业的市场化，社会化，一体化•张照新1998：农业的专业化，农业关联产业，一体化中国农业产业化的理念•第１，农业经营的市场化根据市场需求、组织市场导向型的农业生产。•第２，生产・加工・流通的纵向协调农产品交易关系从一次性交易