搜索
化学工程与工艺专业英语习题练习一1将下列句子或段落翻译成英语1)过程指引起一种物质和(多种)物质的混合物发生物理变化或化学变化的操作或一系列操作。进入过程的物料称之为对该过程的输入或进料，而离开的物料称之为输出或产品。2)B.Braun成立于1839年，从一个生产医药产品的小生产厂家不断发展，以成为一个跨国公司，现经营医药产品、医疗技术、药物及生物技术。2将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语1）Inthesamewaythatacomplexplantcanbedividedintobasicunitoperations,sochemicalreactionsinvolvedintheprocessindustriescanbeclassifiedintocertaingroups,orunitprocesses(e.g.,polymerizations,etherifications,andnitrations),havecommoncharacteristics.2)Thenotionofaprocessingplantencompassinganumberofoperations,suchasmixing,evaporation,andfiltration,andoftheseoperationsbeingessentiallysimilar,whatevertheproduct,ledtotheconceptofunitoperations.3）Thechemicalengineermustworkcloselywiththechemistinordertounderstandthoroughlythechemistryinvolvedintheprocessandtomakesurethatthechemistgetsthereactionkineticdataandthephysicalpropertydataneededtodesign,operate,andoptimizetheprocess.4）Allfluidsarecompressible-evenwater-theirdensitywillchangeaspressurechanges.Understeadyconditions,andprovidedthatthechangesinpressurearesmall,itisusuallypossibletosimplifyanalysisoftheflowbyassumingitisincompressibleandhasconstantdensity.5）Inaregionsuchasouterspace,whichisvirtuallyvoidofgases,thepressureisessentiallyzero.Suchaconditioncanbeapproachedverynearlyinalaboratorywhenavacuumpumpisusedtoevacuateabottle.Thepressureinavacuumiscalledabsolutezero,andallpressuresreferencedwithrespecttothiszeropressurearetermedabsolutepressures.Manypressure-measuringdeviceslikethemanometermeasurenotabsolutepressurebutonlydifferenceinpressure.Thereferencepressureisactuallytheatmosphericpressure.Wheneveratmosphericpressureisusedasareference,thepossibilityexiststhatthepressurethusmeasuredcanbeeitherpositiveornegative.Whenthisdifferenceispositive,thistypeofpressurereadingiscalledgagepressure.化学工程与工艺专业英语习题练习二1.将下列句子或段落翻译成英语1)图7所示的一个基本实例，是石油化工某部分的一个完整设计（主要是单元操作，换热网络和控制回路）。系统包括反应和分离部分。反应属于催化反应，由于催化剂的失活（deactivation），其转化率在几个月的操作周期内是变化的。当催化剂活性较低时，反应转化率下降，相应地精馏塔的进料发生变化。精馏塔有自己的控制系统（未画出），以保证塔底产物(bottomproduct)组成保持稳定。塔顶组分（循环）组成是可变的，以抵消（toaccommodate）催化剂失活的影响。2)化学工程是处理那些原材料变化或分离成有用产品的工业过程。化学工程师必须能对全流程以及所用的设备进行开发、设计和操作；选择合适的原料；高效、安全、经济地操作工厂，同时确保生产的产品能满足顾客的要求。2.将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语1)Theaboveexamplesteachusanimportantlesson,althoughitisthechemistswhomakeanddiscoverthenewchemicalswhichmayhavespecialproperties,aconsiderableinputfromengineersandtechnologistsmayberequiredbeforethechemicalcanbeprocessedandconvertedintoasuitableforminwhichitcanbeused.2)“Unitoperations”evolvedinmeetingtheneedofeconomiclarge-scalemanufactureofcommodityproducts.Theconceptofunitoperationsheldthatanychemicalmanufacturingprocesscouldberesolvedintoacoordinatedseriesofoperationssuchaspulverizing,drying,roasting,crystallizing,filtering,evaporating,distilling,electrolyzing,andsoon.3)Theterm“chemicalengineer”impliesthatthepersonisprimarilyanengineerwhosefirstprofessionalconcerniswithmanufacturingprocesses—makingsomething,ormakingsomeprocesswork.Theadjective“chemical”impliesaparticularinterestinprocesseswhichinvolvechemicalchanges..化学工程与工艺专业英语习题练习三1将下列句子或段落翻译成英语1）除对恒定平均值(meanvalues)可能的微小涨落外，如果一个过程的所有变量(variables)（即：所有温度、压力、体积、流速等）的值都不随时间变化，该过程可认为是处于稳定操作。如有任何过程变量随时间变化，则可称为处于过度态或非稳态。将其本质而言，间歇过程和半间歇过程是非稳定态，而连续过程是稳态或过度态。2）合成有机化合物可定义为从天然存在的原料（如石油、天然气、煤）中衍生出的产品，这些原料至少要经过一种化学反应过程（如氧化反应、加氢反应、卤化反应halogenations、磺化反应sulfonation,或烷基化反应）。2将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语1）Apilotplantisacollectionofequipmentdesignedandconstructedtoinvestigatesomecriticalaspectsofaprocessoperationorperformbasicresearch.Itisatoolratherthananinitself.Apilotplantcanrangeinsizefromalaboratorybench-topunittoafacilityonlymarginallysmallerthanacommercialunit.Thepurposesforitsconstructionandoperationcanvarywidely:confirmingfeasibilityofaproposedprocess;providingdesigndata;determiningtheeconomicfeasibilityofanewprocess;determiningoptimummaterialsofconstruction;testingoperabilityofacontrolscheme;determiningtheextentofplantmaintenance;producingsufficientqualitiesofproductformarketevaluation;obtainingkineticdata;screeningcatalysts;providingareasofadvancedtechnology;providingdataforsolutionstoscale-upproblems;providingtechnicalsupporttoanexistingprocessorproductassessingprocesshazards;determiningoperatingcosts;optimizinganexistingprocess;andperformingbasicprocessresearch.2)Abatchreactorisusedforsmall-scaleoperation,fortestingnewprocessesthathavenotbeenfullydeveloped,forthemanufactureofexpensiveproducts,andforprocessesthataredifficulttoconverttocontinuousoperations.Thereactorcanbechargedthroughtheholesatthetop.Thebatchreactorhastheadvantageofhighconversionsthatcanbeobtainedbyleavingthereactantinthereactorforlongperiodsoftime,butitalsohasthedisadvantagesofhighlaborcostsperbatchandthedifficultyoflarge-scaleproduction化学工程与工艺专业英语习题练习四1将下列句子或段落翻译成英语1）异庚烷由丁烯和异丁烷在浓硫酸的乳化液(emulsion)中反应生产。过程的新鲜进料以40,000kg/h的速率加入。其中含25.00mole%的异丁烷、25.00mole%丁烯和50.00mole%的正丁烷，后者在过程中是化学惰性的。部分反应器的出料（effluent）循环至反应器的进口。其余部分流入分层槽（settler）在槽中水相（硫酸）和烃相得以分离。酸循环至反应器，烃则进入精馏塔。塔顶馏出物含正丁烷和异庚烷，而塔底产物全为异丁烷循环至反应器。1)流化床催化裂化装置（cracker）的典型简图见图15。装置的特征是有两个巨大的容器（vessel），一个用于使进料在热催化剂上进行反应，另一个用空气烧去碳以使用过的（spent）催化剂再生。新型（newer）分子筛催化剂的活性如此之高，使得物料和催化