农业可持续性评价指标体系的现状分析与构建

2005,38(4):736-745ScientiaAgriculturaSinica2004-11-236002009(1972-)Tel[phone],E-mail:[e-mail]:Tel/fax:[phone];E-mail:[e-mail]100094TheAnalysisandDesignofAgriculturalSustainabilityIndicatorsSystemQIUHua-jiao,CHANGXin,CHENGXuZHUWan-bin(TheSustainableAgricultureCenterofChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing100094)Abstract:ThedevelopmentandcharacteristicofagriculturalSustainabilityIndicatorsSystem(SIs),athomeandabroad,wasreviewed.Itwaspointedoutthattheexisteddomesticmethodsofsustainabilityevaluationcannotbeacceptedbyforeignscholars,anditsscientificbasisisinadequate.Theexperienceandshortcomingsofpreviousstudiesonindicatorsselectionandevaluationmethodswereanalyzed,alsowiththesignificanceforpractice.Attheend,anewSIsforagriculturaldevelopmentevaluationwasproposed,togetherwiththecorrespondingcalculationandevaluationmethods.TheFarmerDevelopmentIndexindicatorwasproposedtoembodytheviewpointthatthedevelopmentofpeopleistheultimateaim;thedynamicweightcalculationmethodwasdesignedtoreflectthedifferentimportanceofdifferentindicatorswhentheirvaluesarechanging;andnewindicatorsintegratemethodswerealsoexplored.Keywords:Agriculture;Sustainability;IndicatorssystemFAO1991[1]indicator[2]4737[3][4][5,6](UNCSD)PSRFAO5[7]Hartmut[8]BarbaraBellows[5][9][10,11]FAOPSR[12]GustavsonPSR23[13]UNCSD5[14]EPA90165[6][15,16]Dalsgaard[17]Hansen[18]Kruseman[19]Smith[3,20][13,21,22][5]PSR535[12]537[23][12,24][25][26][27][28][29,30][31,32][33,34]73838TableListofindicatorsforsustainableagricultureofMAFFNo.IndicatorsNo.Indicators1Agriculturalassetsandliabilities19Phosphoruslevelsofagriculturaltopsoils2Ageoffarmers20Manuremanagement3Percentageofholdingsthataretenanted21Ammoniaemissionsfromagriculture4EUproducersupportestimate22N2OEmissionsofmethaneandnitrousoxidefromagriculture5Paymentstofarmersforagri-environmentpurpose23Directenergyconsumptionbyfarms6Totalincomefromfarming24Trendsinindirectenergyinputstoagriculture7Averageearningsofagriculturalworkers25Useofwaterforirrigation8Agriculturalproductivity26Organicmattercontentofagriculturaltopsoils9Agriculturalemployment27Accumulationofheavymetalsinagriculturaltopsoils10Adoptionoffarmmanagementsystems28Areaofagriculturalland11Areaconvertedtoorganicfarming29Changeinlandusefromagriculturetoharddevelopment12Knowledgeofcodeofgoodagriculturalpractice30Plantingofnon-foodcrops13Pesticideinrivers31Areaofagriculturallandundercommitmenttoenvironmentalconservation14Pesticideingroundwater32Characteristicfeaturesoffarmland15Quantityofpesticideactiveingredientsused33Areaofcerealfieldmarginsunderenvironmentalmanagement16Sprayareatreatedwithpesticides34Areaofsemi-naturalgrassland17Pesticideresiduesinfood35Populationsofkeyfarmlandbirds18Nitrateandphosphoruslossesfromagriculture[12]5320.36420.208211183[13,22,35]4739JeffreyE.Herrick[8]Bouma[36]pH[3740][41]Loveland[42][39]WolfgangBüchs[40][39][13,22]Gerbens-Leenes[43]Andrews[44][35,45,46][47][13,22,43,48][11,16,44][11,34][49]TaylorFSIfarmersustainabilityindex[22][50][51]healthindex[52]OECD[38]JulianDumanski[53][14,19,24,54]Bockstaller[55][24,56][57][58,59][60]Steinborn[61]Sands[35][14][62]Dalsgaard74038[17]Rasul[16]biophysicalcapital[63][19][64][22][65]20[30][3][19][66][16][66][6]developmentdividend[67]evaluationindicatorssystemforagriculturesustainability31034741+:;:+:Biggervalue,moresustainable;:lessvalue,moresustainableFig.EvaluationindicatorssystemforagriculturesustainabilityUNDPhumandevelopmenttindex,HDI[68]101(minmax)(min)/(maxmin)01,01A1A2…An2A1A2…An10B1B2…Bn3Y=X2(B1B2…Bn)01C1C2…Cn4D1D2…DnC1C2C1/(C1+C2),C2/(C1+C2)AgriculturesustainabledevelopmentFarmerdevelopmentindexGDPGDPpercapitaEducationHealthRatioofincomefromagriculturepercapitaAcceptableViableUndegradableRatiooffossilenergyintotalenergyusageRatioofproductforprocessRatioofactualyieldinpotentialyieldRatioofwaterforirrigationinwaterresourcerechargeRatioofdejectausedSoilorganicmattercontentPollutionlevelofsurfacewaterConcentrationofNO3-ingroundwater++++++74238A1A2…An30References[1]FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,MinistryofAgriculture,NaturalManagementandFisheriesoftheNetherlands.TheDenBoschdeclarationandagendaforactiononsustainableagricultureandruraldevelopment.FAO/Netherlandsconferenceonagricultureandtheenvironment.S-Hertogenbosch,theNetherlands,April,1991.[2]RigbyD,WoodhouseP,YoungT,BurtonM.Constructingafarmlevelindicatorofsustainableagriculturalpractice.EcologicalEconomics,2001,39:463-478.[3]MinistryofAgricultureFisheriesandFood.TowardsSustainableAgriculture,APilotSetofIndicators.London:MAFFPublications,2000.[4]MeyerJR,CampbellCL,MoserTJ,HessGR,RawlingsJO,PeckS,HeckWW.Indicatorsoftheecologicalstatusofagroecosystems.In:MckenzieDH,HyattDE,McdonaldVJ.EcologicalIndicators(Vol.1).LondonandNewYork:ElsevierAppliedScience,1992:629-658.[5]BellowsB.SANREMresearchreportNo.1-95,proceedingsoftheindicatorsofsustainabilityconferenceandworkshop.ArlingtonVirginia:WashingtonStateUniversity,1994.[6]HerrickJE.Soilquality:anindicatorofsustainablelandmanagement?AppliedSoilEcology,2000,15:75-83.[