二语习得博士入学考试复习题

二语言习得考试复习题1.acquisition&learningTheterm“acquisition”isusedtorefertopickingupasecondlanguagethroughexposure,whereastheterm“learning”isusedtorefertotheconsciousstudyofasecondlanguage.Nowmostoftheresearchersusetheminterchangeably,irrespectiveofwhetherconsciousorunconsciousprocessesareinvolved2.incidentallearning&intentionallearningWhilereadingforpleasureareaderdoesnotbothertolookupanewwordinadictionary,butafewpageslaterrealizeswhatthatwordmeans,thenincidentallearningissaidtohavetakenplace.Ifastudentisinstructedtoreadatextandfindoutthemeaningsofunknownwords,thenitbecomesanintentionallearningactivity.3.langauageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Thatistosay,languageissystematic(rule-governed),symbolicandsocial.4.LanguageAcquisitionDeviceThecapacitytoacquireone’sFIRSTLANGUAGE,whenthiscapacityispicturedasasortofmechanismorapparatus.5.ContrastiveanalysisUndertheinfluenceofbehaviorism,researchersoflanguageteachingdevelopedthemethodofcontrastiveanalysis(CA)tostudylearnererrors.Itsoriginalaimistoserveforeignlanguageteaching.6.ErroranalysisErroranalysisaimsto1)findouthowwellthelearnerknowsasecondlanguage,2)findouthowthelearnerlearnsasecondlanguage,3)obtaininformationoncommondifficultiesinsecondlanguagelearning,andto4)serveasanaidinteachingorinthepreparationandcompilationofteachingmaterials(Corder,1981).ItisamethodologyofdescribingSecondLanguageLearners’languagesystems.7.interlanguageItreferstothelanguagethattheL2learnerproduced.Thelanguageproducedbythelearnerisasysteminitsownright.Thelanguageisadynamicsystem,evolvingovertime.8.KrashenandHisMonitorModel1.TheAcquisition-LearningHypothesis2.TheMonitorHypothesis3.TheNaturalHypothesis4.TheInputHypothesis5.TheAffectiveFilterHypothsis9.inputhypothesisItsclaims:Thelearnerimprovesandprogressesalongthe“naturalorder”whens/hereceivessecondlanguage“input”thatisonestepbeyondhisorhercurrentstageoflinguisticcompetence.Forexample,ifalearnerisatastage“i”,thenacquisitiontakesplacewhens/heisexposedto“ComprehensibleInput”thatbelongstolevel“i+1”.10.affectivefilterhypothesisThehypothesisisbasedonthetheoryofanaffectivefilter,whichstatesthatsuccessfulsecondlanguageacquisitiondependsonthelearner’sfeelings.Negativeattitudes(includingalackofmotivationorself-confidenceandanxiety)aresaidtoactasafilter,preventingthelearnerfrommakinguseofINPUT,andthushinderingsuccessinlanguagelearning.11.Shumann’sAcculturationModelThismodelofsecondlanguageacquisitionwasformulatedbyJohn.H.Schumann(1978),andappliestothenaturalcontextofsecondlanguageacquisitionwhereasecondlanguageisacquiredwithoutanyinstructionintheenvironment.Schumanndefinesacculturationastheprocessofbecomingadaptedtoanewcultureorrather,thesocialandpsychologicalintegrationofthelearnerwiththetargetlanguagegroup.12.UniversalGrammarThelanguagefacultybuiltintothehumanmindconsistingofprinciplesandparameters.ThisistheuniversalgrammartheoryassociatedwithNoamChomsky.UniversalGrammarseestheknowledgeofgrammarinthemindashavingtwocomponents:“principles＂thatalllanguageshaveincommonand“parameters”onwhichtheyvary.13.MacLaughlin’sInformationprocessingmodelSLAistheacquisitionofacomplexcognitiveskillthatmustprogressfromcontrolledprocessingtoautomaticprocessing.14.Anderson’sACTThisisanothergeneraltheoryofcognitivelearningthathasbeenappliedtoSLAAlsoemphasizestheautomatizationprocess.Conceptualizingthreetypesofmemory:1.Workingmemory2.Declarativelongtermmemory3.Procedurallong-termmemory15.fossilizationItreferstothephenomenoninwhichsecondlanguagelearnersoftenstoplearningeventhoughtheymightbefarshortofnative-likecompetence.Thetermisalsousedforspecificlinguisticstructuresthatremainincorrectforlengthyperiodsoftimeinspiteofplentifulinput.16.CommunicationstrategiesCommunicationstrategies,knownasCSs,consistofattemptstodealwithproblemsofcommunicationthathavearisenininteraction.Theyarecharacterizedbythenegotiationofanagreementonmeaningbetweenthetwoparties.1.Whatitisthatneedstobelearntinlanguageacquisition?PhoneticsandPhonologySyntaxMorphologySemanticsPragmatics2.Howexpertsstudythechildren’sacquisitionObserveyoungchildren’slearningtotalk.RecordthespeechoftheirchildrenCreateadatabaseHaveasinglehypothesis3.Whatarelearningstrategies?Giveexamples?Intentionalbehaviourandthoughtsthatlearnersmakeuseofduringlearninginordertobetterhelpthemunderstand,learnorremembernewinformation.Learningstrategiesareclassifiedinto:1.meta-cognitivestrategies2.cognitivestrategies3.socio-affectivestrategies4.WhatarethefactorsinfluencingthesuccessofSLA?Cognitivefactors:1.Intelligence2.Languageaptitude3.LanguagelearningstrategiesAffectivefactors:1.Languageattitudes2.Motivation5.WhatarethedifferencesbetweentheBehavioristlearningmodelandthatofMentalist?BehavioristlearningmodelclaimsthatchildrenacquiredtheL1bytryingtoimitateutterancesproducedbypeoplearoundthemandbyreceivingnegativeorpositivereinforcementoftheirattemptstodoso.Languageacquisition,therefore,wasconsideredtobeenvironmentallydetermined.6.Whatarethebeneficialviewsobtainedfromthestudieso