动词的时和体(二).

KeyPoints:1.Usesofpresentperfective(progressive)2.Usesofpastperfective(progressive)I.Usesofpresentperfective1.have/has+ed分词构成2.两个主要用法：已完成用法；未完成用法Ihaveeatenmydinner.(发生在过去某时的动作到现在已经完成。)Hehaslivedherefor10years/since1999.(发生在过去某时的动作一直持续到现在有可能继续。)3.区别：已完成用法通常不与段时间连用，未完成用法常与段时间连用。Ihavefinishedmyhomework.已完成用法Ihaveknownhimfor8years.未完成用法II.Usesofpresentperfectiveprogressive1.have/hasbeen+ing分词构成2.用法与现在完成体未完成用法相仿，可以互换Hehaslivedherefor10years.Hehasbeenlivingherefor10years.(强调一种持续性)3.不能互换，比较：Whohaseatenmydinner?（全吃光）Whohasbeeneatingmydinner?（有剩余）Example:我工作了整整一天。Ihavebeenworkingallday.我学英语学了好些年了。IhavebeenlearningEnglishforquiteafewyears.我真累了。我一直在打羽毛球，我已经很长时间没打。Iamreallytired.Ihavebeenplayingbadminton.Ihaven’tplayedforalongtime.我认识这位作家有些年了，我一直都在读他写的小说。Ihaveknownthiswriterforseveralyears.Ihavebeenreadinghisnovels.III.Usesofpastperfective1.had+ed分词构成2.两个主要用法：已完成用法；未完成用法相对的时间是过去：过去的过去，在过去某时之前发生的动作。Ihadeatenmydinnerbeforetheycame.已完成Hetoldmethathehadlivedherefor10years.未完成Example:当我们到达操场的时候，比赛已经开始了。Whenwegotto/reachedtheplayground,thematch/gamehadbegun.我还没来得及向他解释，他就走了。BeforeIexplainedtohim,hehadleft.IV.Usesofpastperfectiveprogressive1.hadbeen+ing分词构成2.与现在完成进行体用法相仿，只是时间推移到了过去。Example:在他大学毕业之前，他一直在努力地学习电脑。Beforehegraduatedfromthecollege,hehadbeenmakingeffortstolearncomputer.在老师到来之前，我已经在教室呆了五分钟了。Bythetimetheteachercame,Ihadbeenstayingintheclassroomfor5minutes.3.when/before/after/until引导的分句中过去完成体的用法。表示动作先后，可以互换：Whentheycame,Ihadeatenmydinner.Ihadeatenmydinnerbeforetheycame.AfterIhadeatenmydinner,theycame.Theydidn’tcomeuntilIhadeatenmydinner.BythetimetheycameIhadeatenmydinner.注：1)通常一个动作用一般过去时，一个用过去完成体。2)After/before本身已经体现出动作的先后，所以也可都用一般过去时Iatemydinnerbeforetheycame.AfterIatemydinner,theycame.两个动作可都用过去完成体，少，如bythetimeBythetimetheyhadcome,Ihadeatenmydinner.V.Imaginaryuseofpastperfective1.用于由if,ifonly,asif引导的分句中：Ifonlyyouhadtoldmebefore.2.用于Iwish,I’drather等结构后面的that-分句中：Iwouldratheryouhadtoldherthetruth.3.用于expect,think,intend,mean(=intend)want,suppose等动词，表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图：Ihadintendedtomakeacake,butIranoutoftime.VI.Moreontheuseofperfectiveaspect1.完成体与havegot/havegotto我得到了一本新字典。Ihavegotanewdictionary.我有一本新字典。（口语）Ihaveanewdictionary.Ihavegotanewdictionary./Ihavegotnotime.Ihavegottodoit.=Ihavetodoit.2.Itis/willbethefirsttimethatIhavebeenhere.ItwasthefirsttimethatIhadbeenhere.1.____,theplayersbeganthegame.A)HavingtakenourseatsB)BeingtakentheseatsC)AfterwehadtakenourseatsD)Takingtheseats2.TheCuriesdiscoveredradiumafterthey____.A)weremarriedB)hadbeenmarriedC)marriedD)havemarriedCC3.“Let’shurry.ThePresidentiscoming.”“Oh,hasn’thecomeyet?Iwasafraidwe___.”A)alreadymisshimB)hasalreadymissedhimC)hadalreadymissedhimD)havealreadymissedhim4.Youwillhardlybelieveit,butthisisthethirdtimetonightsomeone____me.A)telephonedB)hastelephonedC)telephonesD)shouldtelephoneCB5.Youloveyouronlysonandindulgehimsomuchthatyou____himharm.A)aredoingB)havedoneC)willhavedoneD)aredoingtodo6.Thecompany____ariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappenedyet.A)ispromisedB)ispromisingC)hasbeenpromisingD)promisedAC7.Ithasbeenabout7yearssincethey____.A)gotmarriedB)gotmarryC)getmarriedD)havemarried8.Asayoungmanhedidnotknowthathe____becomefamouslateron.A)wastoB)shouldC)wasgoingtoD)wouldAA9.We____thecoldwinterforthepast2years.A)wouldhaveB)hadC)havehadD)havebeenhaving10.She_____whenthatyoungmandivedinandsavedher.A)drownedB)wasdrowningC)wasgoingtodrownD)haddrownedDB11.He____manyoftheexperiencesheever___inhischildhood.A)graduallyforget……hadB)isgraduallyforgetting……hadC)wasgraduallyforgetting……hadD)havegraduallyforgotten……had12.Youhavebeenwithinaninchoflifeand___it.A)haven’tknownB)didn’tknowC)donotknowD)hadn’tknownBB13.Ouruniversityisnolongerwhatshe____.A)hadbeenB)hadC)wasD)willbe14.Shegavemethatnotebookonmybirthday,andI____itinmydrawer.A)havesincekeptB)sincekeptC)amsincekeepingD)hadsincekeptCA15.You____yourbooksabout.A)constantlyleaveB)areconstantlyleavingC)constantlyleftD)haveconstantlyleft16.Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenallpossible,butI____fullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.A)wereB)hadbeenC)havebeenD)wasBD17.She____cleanoutthespaceroomlastweek,butwastoomuchoccupiedatthattime.A)intendedtoB)wasintendedtoC)hadintendedtoD)hasintendedto18.WhenIsawhersmilingface,Iknewshe___goodnewsofherhusband.A)hasB)hashadC)hadhadD)washavingCC19.Hedidnotarriveuntilthemeetingwasnearlyover,forthesimplereasonthathe____asleepwhilewatchingtelevision.A)hadfallenB)hasfallenC)fellD)wasfalling20.Henrywouldratherthathisgirlfriend____inthesamedepartmentashedoes.A)worksB)hadworkedC)workedD)hasbeenwokedCC1.Whenthepolicemanfoundthebodyofthatyoungman,hehadalreadydiedforabouttwodays.2.Althoughthestudentsaredislikingthematerialtheyarestudyingrightnow,theirinstructorhasnoauthoritytochangethesyllabus.____beendead__________dislike3.Sincelastfall,theyoungresearcherwatchedtheflowersshegrewrespondtothesun.4.Thewomanadmittedtothedoctorthatherlittleboyhadsatinthebackroomandateeverythinghecouldfind._____haswatched___eaten5.WhenIlastsawJanet,shehurriedtohernextclassontheothersideofthecampus