农业氮素循环可持续管理与活性氮副效应缓解

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2320074IFADougBeeverAgrium,FrankBrentrupYara,PhilippeEveillard(UNIFA),PaulFixenIPNI)PatrickHeffer(IFA)BillHerzTFIRogerLarsonCFIChristianPallièreEFMAIanRichardsEcoptC.Aholou-PützH.GinetIFAIFA20072007IFAISBN2-9523139-1-128,rueMarbeuf,75008+33153930500+33153930545/47publications@fertilizer.org(p)81.NDNA99%N21%CHOGalloway2004[NH3][NH4+][NOx][HNO3][N2O][NO3-][NO2-]92.2.1.DNARNA11.BASF2.2.101112.3.2.3.1.2-1050N80NZhang,20062.3.2.12(i)(ii)(iii)1.NH4NO3-2.3.3.BNF300N50250NPeoples,2004Smil19993300N2.3.4.Mosier,20042005/06139090NHefferPrud'homme,20062.4.)NPKSMgCaNUE24240%90%Balasubramanian,2004(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)340%143.3.1.3.1.1.42.68N/N-BNFC-BNF15164~73%Galloway,2004~22%100IFA20063.1.2.56017y675%50%22%9%7%10%Galloway,20041810%yBruinsma,200353.2.Galloway2003nitrogencascadecascade7NH4+NO-3193.3.3.3.1.2202.PaulSeward,FIPS3.3.2.33%33%34%EEA200221EEA19983NO3-P3.2260%CH420%14%6%IPCC20011N2O310CO2N2O50%N2ON2O86%US-EPA2006N2O44%14%MosierKroeze1998NBMPsN2O1535UVUVBN2O(NO)N2ON2O(PM)PM1010µmEEA1998PM10252003PM1013%EEA2005NOxVOCsCO23WHO1970199350mg/LNO3-WHO1970L'hirondelL'hirondel2002LeifertGolden20004.4.1.1FAO200220042030822000026233%1997-9920309%72%81997-992030GDP4%241.FAO2002200420051979-811997-992000-022015()2030()44535930615672038206//25522803---294030507061003---12271406575657---9111148132218---30037650104---157217---77781561044325203041.3%USDA-ERS2004(Aitkin2003Smeets2004Perlack2005)2020Rosegrant20014.2.Wood2004196120012.4%4.5%NUE242NUENUENUE2003/042004/05HefferPrud'homme20062005/062010/11909099401.8%9BumbBaanante1996FAO2000Wood2004Galloway2004Wood2004(i)1969(ii)TMPACTNUE1997(iii)IMPACT19972020NUE2617%205030%Wood1Wood2004NUE1.8%20201.6%20501.4%3NUE20100.5%NUEDobermannCassman2004bHefferPrud'homme20062010/11Wood320102020NUE20501.071.71N200520501.101.40N4.3.27NUENUENUE2050%Cassman20026080%90%Balasubramanian2004DobermanCassman2004aKrupnik2004Fixen20055NUENUE,1965198010NUE11NUENUE(i)(ii)(iii)DobermannCassman2004NUE198050%10%UNIFA2005NNUE242121997NUENUENUE23kg/kgN28kg/kgNNUE13NUE33kgN28291FAOSTATFAO2006IFADATAIFA200630NUENUENUEGiller2004ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒNBMPsNUENUE54%21%Fixen200515%OenemaTamminga200425%NUE31NUE2.)5.ƒƒƒƒƒ(NBMPs)ƒƒ325.1.44.Yara335285.Sulky-Burel5.2.5.3.34NH4+NO3-CO(NH2)2NPK5.4.5.5.Peoples2004NBMPs(i)(ii)35NUE2TFI/PPINBMPsNBMPsNBMPsIFANBMPsNBMPs678362.NBMPNBMPƒƒNPKƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ376a.6b.6a6b.“HariyaliKisaanBazar”DCMShriram387.INRA–LDARLaon8.39NUEƒƒ9109.ƒ11NUE4010.Yara11.415.6.5.7.ƒNUEƒ(i)NUE(ii)ƒƒIFAINISCOPE(UNEP)6.42Aitkin,D.W.2003.Transitioningtoarenewableenergyfuture;ISESWhitePaper.InternationalSolarEnergySociety,Freiburg,Germany.:AgricultureandtheNitrogenCycle:AssessingtheImpactsofFertilizerUseonFoodProductionandtheEnvironment,editedbyA.R.Mosier,J.K.SyersandJ.R.Freney.IslandPress,Washington,DC,USA.Bruinsma,J.(Ed.).2003.Worldagriculture:towards2015/2030.AnFAOperspective.FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,Rome,Italy.43Bumb,B.andC.Baanante.1996.Theroleoffertilizerinsustainingfoodsecurityandprotectingtheenvironmentto2020.DiscussionpaperNo.17.InternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute,Washington,DC,USA.Cassman,K.G.,A.DobermannandD.T.Waters.2002.Agroecosystems,nitrogenuseefficiency,andnitrogenmanagement.Ambio31(2),132-140.Dobermann,A.andK.G.Cassman.2004a.Environmentaldimensionsoffertilizernitrogen:Whatcanbedonetoincreasenitrogenuseefficiencyandensureglobalfoodsecurity?InSCOPE65:AgricultureandtheNitrogenCycle:AssessingtheImpactsofFertilizerUseonFoodProductionandtheEnvironment,editedbyA.R.Mosier,J.K.SyersandJ.R.Freney.IslandPress,Washington,DC,USA.Dobermann,A.andK.G.Cassman.2004b.PredictingglobalNfertilizerrequirementfromtrendsinNefficiencyofmajorcrops,countries,andregions.InProgrammeandAbstractsoftheThirdInternationalNitrogenConference,Nanjing,China,12-16October2004.InstituteofSoilScience,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Nanjing,China.EEA.1998.Europe'senvironment:thesecondassessment.EuropeanEnvironmentAgency,Copenhagen,Denmark.EEA.2002.Environmentalsignals2002.Benchmarkingthemillennium.EuropeanEnvironmentAgency,Copenhagen,Denmark.EEA.2005.ETC-ACCairemissionsspreadsheetforindicators2005.EuropeanEnvironmentAgency,Copenhagen,Denmark.:towards2015/2030-summaryreport.FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,Rome,Italy.FAO.2004.Thestateoffoodinsecurityintheworld.FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnite

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