天津大学仁爱学院化工系化工原理课程设计板式连续精馏塔设计任务书一、设计题目:分离苯—甲苯系统的板式精馏塔设计试设计一座分离苯—甲苯系统的板式连续精馏塔,要求原料液的年处理量为50000吨,原料液中苯的含量为35%,分离后苯的纯度达到98%,塔底馏出液中苯含量不得高于1%(以上均为质量百分数)二、操作条件1.塔顶压强:4kPa(表压);2.进料热状态:饱和液体进料3.回流比:加热蒸气压强:101.3kPa(表压);单板压降:≤0.7kPa三、塔板类型:浮阀塔板四、生产工作日每年300天,每天24小时运行。五、厂址厂址拟定于天津地区。六、设计内容1.设计方案的确定及流程说明2.塔的工艺条件及有关物性数据的计算3.精馏塔的物料衡算4.塔板数的确定5.塔体工艺尺寸的计算6.塔板主要工艺尺寸的设计计算7.塔板流体力学验算8.绘制塔板负荷性能图9.塔顶冷凝器的初算与选型10.设备主要连接管直径的确定11.全塔工艺设计计算结果总表12.绘制生产工艺流程图及主体设备简图13.对本设计的评述及相关问题的分析讨论天津大学仁爱学院化工系化工原理课程设计目录一、绪论·······································································1二、设计方案的确定及工艺流程的说明···································22.1设计流程·································································22.2设计要求·································································32.3设计思路·································································32.4设计方案的确定························································4三、全塔物料衡算······························································53.2物料衡算·································································5四、塔板数的确定······························································64.1理论板数的求取························································64.2全塔效率实际板层数的求取·········································7五、精馏与提馏段物性数据及气液负荷的计算··························95.1进料板与塔顶、塔底平均摩尔质量的计算·······················95.2气相平均密度和气相负荷计算·····································105.3液相平均密度和液相负荷计算·····································105.4液相液体表面张力的计算···········································115.5塔内各段操作条件和物性数据表··································11六、塔径及塔板结构工艺尺寸的计算·····································146.1塔径的计算·····························································146.2塔板主要工艺尺寸计算··············································156.3塔板布置及浮阀数目与排列········································17天津大学仁爱学院化工系化工原理课程设计七、塔板流体力学的验算及负荷性能图·································197.1塔板流体力学的验算·················································197.2塔板负荷性能图·······················································22八、塔的有效高度与全塔实际高度的计算·······························27九、浮阀塔工艺设计计算总表··············································28十、辅助设备的计算与选型·················································3010.1塔顶冷凝器的试算与初选·········································3010.2塔主要连接管直径的确定·········································31十一、对本设计的评述及相关问题的分析讨论·························3313.1设计基础数据························································3613.2附图····································································38天津大学仁爱学院化工系化工原理课程设计1一、绪论化工原理课程设计是综合运用《化工原理》课程和有关先修课程(《物理化学》,《化工制图》等)所学知识,完成一个单元设备设计为主的一次性实践教学,是理论联系实际的桥梁,在整个教学中起着培养学生能力的重要作用。通过课程设计,要求更加熟悉工程设计的基本内容,掌握化工单元操作设计的主要程序及方法,锻炼和提高学生综合运用理论知识和技能的能力,问题分析能力,思考问题能力,计算能力等。精馏是分离液体混合物(含可液化的气体混合物)最常用的一种单元操作,在化工,炼油,石油化工等工业中得到广泛应用。精馏过程在能量剂驱动下(有时加质量剂),使气液两相多次直接接触和分离,利用液相混合物中各组分的挥发度的不同,使易挥发组分由液相向气相转移,难挥发组分由气相向液相转移,实现原料混合液中各组分的分离。根据生产上的不同要求,精馏操作可以是连续的或间歇的,有些特殊的物系还可采用衡沸精馏或萃取精馏等特殊方法进行分离。本设计的题目是苯-甲苯连续精馏筛板塔的设计,即需设计一个精馏塔用来分离易挥发的苯和不易挥发的甲苯,采用连续操作方式,需设计一板式塔将其分离。天津大学仁爱学院化工系化工原理课程设计2二、设计方案的确定及工艺流程的说明2.1设计流程本设计任务为分离苯、甲苯混合物。对于二元混合物的分离,采用连续精馏流程。设计中采用泡点进料,将原料液通过预热器加热至泡点后送入精馏塔内。塔顶上升蒸气采用全凝器冷凝,冷凝液在泡点下一部分回流至塔内,其余部分经产品冷凝器冷却后送至储罐。该物系属易分离物系,最小回流比较小,故操作回流比取最小回流比的1.7倍。塔釜采用间接蒸汽加热,塔底产品经冷却后送至储罐。图2-1精馏工艺流程图3天津大学仁爱学院化工系化工原理课程设计3QCD,xD,ILD馏出液V,IVWQBW,xW,ILW釜残液'VDL原料液F,xF,IF'L,ILm图2-2单塔工艺流程简图2.2设计要求总的要求是在符合生产工艺条件下,尽可能多的使用新技术,节约能源和成本,少量的污染。精馏塔对塔设备的要求大致如下:生产能力大,即单位塔截面大的气液相流率,不会产生液泛等不正常流动。效率高,气液两相在塔内保持充分的密切接触,具有较高的塔板效率或传质效率。流体阻力小,流体通过塔设备时阻力降小,可以节省动力费用,在减压操作是时,易于达到所要求的真空度。有一定的操作弹性,当气液相流率有一定波动时,两相均能维持正常的流动,而且不会使效率发生较大的变化。结构简单,造价低,安装检修方便。能满足某些工艺的特性:腐蚀性,热敏性,起泡性等本次实验我们根据所给条件设计出塔的各项参数及其附属设备的参数。2.3设计思路在本次设计中,我们进行的是苯和甲苯二元物系的精馏分离,简单蒸馏和平衡蒸馏只能达到组分的部分增浓,如何利用两组分的挥发度的差异实现高纯度分天津大学仁爱学院化工系化工原理课程设计4离,是精馏塔的基本原理。实际上,蒸馏装置包括精馏塔、原料预热器、蒸馏釜、冷凝器、釜液冷却器和产品冷却器等设备。蒸馏过程按操作方式不同,分为连续蒸馏和间歇蒸馏,我们这次所用的就是浮阀式连续精馏塔。蒸馏是物料在塔内的多次部分汽化与多次部分冷凝所实现分离的。热量自塔釜输入,由冷凝器和冷却器中的冷却介质将余热带走。在此过程中,热能利用率很低,有时后可以考虑将余热再利用,在此就不叙述。要保持塔的稳定性,流程中除用泵直接送入塔原料外也可以采用高位槽。塔顶冷凝器可采用全凝器、分凝器-全能器连种不同的设置。在这里准备用全凝器,因为可以准确的控制回流比。此次设计是在常压下操作。因为这次设计采用间接加热,所以需要再沸器。回流比是精馏操作的重要工艺条件。选择的原则是使设备和操作费用之和最低。在设计时要根据实际需要选定回流比。本设计采用连续精馏操作方式、常压操作、泡点进料、间接蒸汽加热、选R=1.7Rmin、塔顶选用全凝器、选用浮阀塔。2.4设计方案的确定本设计任务为分离苯一甲苯混合物。由于对物料没有特殊的要求,可以在常压下操作。对于二元混合物的分离,应采用连续精馏流程。设计中采用泡点进料,将原料液通过预热器加热至泡点后送人精馏塔内。塔顶上升蒸气采用全凝器冷凝,冷凝液在泡点下一部分回流至塔内,其余部分经产品冷却器冷却后送至储罐。该物系属易分离物系,最小回流比较小,故操作回流比取最小回流比的1.5-1.7倍。塔底设置再沸器采用间接蒸汽加热,塔底产品经冷却后送至储罐。天津大学仁爱学院化工系化工原理课程设计5kmolkgMA/11.78三、全塔物料衡算3.1原料液及塔顶、塔底产品的平均摩尔质量苯的摩尔质量:甲苯的摩尔质量:3.192/651.178/351.178/35Fx=0.3883.192/21.178/981.178/98Dx=0.9833.192/991.178/11.178/1Wx=0.0117FM=0.350×78.11+0.650×92.13=86.68(kg/kmol)DM=0.983×78.11+0.017×92.13=78.35(kg/kmol)WM=0.0117×78.11+0.9883×92.13=91.965(kg/kmol)3.2物料衡算原料处理量:F=50000×1000/(300×24×86.68)=80.11kmol/h总物料衡算:80.11=D+W苯物料衡算:80.11×0.035=0.983D+0.0117W联合解得:D=31.06kmol/hW=49.04kmol/h最少回流比:由q=1和平衡线交点画图的出。(附图1)kmolkgMB/13.92天津大学仁爱学院化工系化工原理课程设计6四、塔板数的确定4.1理论板数的求取苯-甲苯属理想体系,可采用图解法球理论板层数。①由手册查得苯-甲苯物系的气液平衡数据,绘出t-x-y图与x-y图。②作图法求最小回流比及操作回流比。如图1-1。由,388.0fqxx从图中读得61.0qy所以最小回流比为388.061.061.0983.0minR=1.68取操作回流比为862.2683.1*7.17.1minRR精馏塔打气、液相负荷L=RD=