KeytoExerciseUnit1ChemicalIndustries1.theIndustrialRevolution2.organicchemicals3.thecontactprocess4.theHaberprocess5.syntheticpolymers6.intermediates7.artificialfertilizers8.pesticides(cropprotectionchemicals)9.syntheticfibers10.pharmaceutical11.researchanddevelopment12.petrochemical13.computers(automaticcontrolequipment)14.capitalintensiveSomeChemicalsUsedInOurDailyLifeFoodartificialfertilizers,pesticide,veterinaryproductsHealthantibiotics,β-blockersClothingsyntheticfibers(e.g.polyesters,polyamides),syntheticdyesSheltersyntheticpolymers(e.g.urea-formaldehyde,polyurethanes),plasticsLeisureplasticsandpolymers(e.g.nylon)Transportadditives(e.g.anti-oxidants,viscosityindeximprovements),polymers,plasticsUnit2ResearchandDevelopment1.R&D2.ideasandknowledge3.processandproducts4.fundamental5.applied6.productdevelopment7.existingproduct8.pilotplant9.profitbility10.environmentalimpact11.energycost12.technicalsupport13.processimprovement14.effluenttreatment15.pharmaceutical16.sufficientlypure17.Reaction18.unreactedmaterial19.by-products20.theproductspecification21.ProductstorageUnit3TypicalActivitiesofChemicalEngineers1.Mechanical2.electrical3.civil4.scale-up5.commercial-size6.reactors7.distillationcolumns8.pumps9.controlandinstrumentation10.mathematics11.industry12.academia13.steam14.coolingwater15.aneconomical16.toimprove17.P&IDrawings18.EquipmentSpecificationSheets19.Construction20.capacityandperformance21.bottlenecks22.TechnicalSales23.neworimproved24.engineeringmethods25.configurationsUnit4SourcesofChemicals1.inorganicchemicals2.derivefrom(originatefrom)3.petrochemicalprocesses4.Metallicores5.extractionprocess6.non-renewableresource7.renewablesources8.energysource9.fermentationprocess10.selective11.rawmaterial12.separationandpurification13.foodindustry14.tobewetted15.Keytosuccess16.Crushingandgrinding17.Sieving18.Stirringandbubbling19.Surfaceactiveagents20.OverflowingUnit5BasicChemicals1.Ethylene2.aceticacid3.Polymerization4.Polyvinylacetate5.EmulsionpaintHigh-volumesectorLow-volumesectorProductionscaletenstohundredsofthousandstonsperyeartenstoafewthousandstonsperyearProducts/aplantsingleproductmulti-productsOperationmannercontinuousbatchPriceorprofitfairlycheapveryprofitableUsageintermediatesend-productsChallengesreduceddemand,environmentpollutionProductsinthesectorsulphuricacid,phosphorus-containingcompounds,nitrogen-containingcompounds,chlor-alkali,petrochemicals,commoditypolymersagrochemicals,dyestuffs,pharmaceuticals,specialitypolymersUnit6Chlor-AlkaliandRelatedProcesses1.Ammonia2.ammoniaabsorber3.NaCl&NH4OH4.Carbondioxide5.NH4Cl6.Rotarydrier7.LightNa2CO38.WaterProductRawmaterialMajorstepsorPrincipalreactionsUsesSoda-ashbrine,limestoneammoniating,carbonating,precipitating,filtering,drying,calciningrawmaterialforglassmaking,sodiumsilicate;asanalkaliChlorinebrine2Na++2Cl-+2H2O→NaOH+Cl2+H2aswaterpurification,bleachingofwoodpulp;productionofvinylchloride,solvents,inorganicchlorine-containingproductsCausticsodabrine2Na++2Cl-+2H2O→NaOH+Cl2+H2forpaper-making,manufactureofinorganicchemicals,synthesesoforganicchemicals,productionofaluminaandsoapSulfuricacidelementalsulphurS+O2→SO2SO2+O2→SO2SO3+H2O→H2SO4feedstockforfertilizers;productionofethanol,hydrofluoricacid,aluminumsulphatesUnit7Ammonia,NitricAcidandUrea1.kineticallyinert2.someironcompounds3.exothermic4.conversion5.areasonablespeed6.lowerpressures7.highertemperatures8.capital9.energy10.steamreforming11.carbonmonoxide12.secondaryreformer13.theshiftreaction14.methane15.3:11787C.Bertholletdiscoversthecompositionofammonia1903FritzHabersynthesizesammonia1909FritzHaberdrivestheoptimumreactionconditions1909-1914C.Bosch,A.Mittaschscale-uptheprocess1913inBASFbuildapilotplant1919FritzHaberreceivestheNobleprice1920sinBritainandAmericaIntroducetheHaberprocess1931C.BoschreceivestheNoblepriceUnit8PetroleumProcessing1.organicchemicals2.H:Cratios3.hightemperaturecarbonization4.crudetar5.pyrolysis6.poorselectivity7.consumptionofhydrogen8.thepilotstage9.surfaceandunderground10.fluidizedbed11.Biotechnology12.sulfurspeciesUnit9PolymersAbbreviationNameofpolymerLDPELowdensitypolyethylene低密度聚乙烯HDPEHighdensitypolyethylene高密度聚乙烯LLDPELinearlowdensitypolyethylene线性低密度聚乙烯PETorPBTPolyethyleneterephthalate(PET)Polybutyleneterephthalate(PBT)聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯PVCPolyvinylchloride聚氯乙烯PSPolystyrene聚苯乙烯POMPolyoxymethylene聚甲醛PPPolypropylene聚丙烯PCPolycarbonate聚碳酸酯PPOPolyphenyleneoxide聚苯醚PTFEpolytetrafluoroethylene聚四氟乙烯PFphenol-formaldehyderesins酚醛树脂PMMApoly(methylmethacrylate)聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯UFurea-formaldehyderesins脲醛树脂NameofpolymerCompanyorInventorYearintroducedPhenol-formaldehyderesinBaekland1909Urea-formaldehyderesin1929Alkydresinlate1920sPoly(styrene-butadiene)GermanyPoly(acrylonitrile-butadiene)GermanyPoly(vinylchloride)GermanyPolystyreneGermanypolyethyleneICI1938NylonDupont1941PolyacrylonitrileDupont1948TeryleneICI1949EpoxyresinsDupont1955polypropyleneMontecatini1956LLDPElate1970sUnit10WhatIsChemicalEngineeringMicroscale(≤10-3m)AtomicandmolecularstudiesofcatalystsChemicalprocessinginthemanufacture