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沈阳化工学院学士学位论文内容摘要摘要本设计为年产200万吨大庆原油的常压设计。石油是现代工业的血液，我国的工业生产和经济运行都离不开石油，但是又不能直接作为产品使用，必须经过加工炼制过程，连制成多种在质量上符合使用要求的石油产品，才能投入使用。原油常减压蒸馏作为原油的一次加工工艺，在原油加工总流程中占有重要作用，在炼厂具有举足轻重的地位，其运行的好坏直接影响到后续的加工过程。其中重要的分离设备—常压塔的设计，是能否获得高收率、高质量油的关键。近年来常减压蒸馏技术和管理经验不断创新，装置节能消耗显著，产品质量提高。但与国外先进水平相比，仍存在较大的差距。为了更好地提高原油的生产能力，本着投资少，能耗低，效益高的思想对大庆原油进行常压蒸馏设计。设计的基本方案：设计了一个常压一段汽化蒸馏装置，此装置由一台管式加热炉、一个常压塔以及若干台换热器（完善的换热流程应达到要求：充分利用各种余热；换热器的换热强度较大；原油流动压力降较小。）、冷凝冷却器、机泵等组成，在常压塔外侧为侧线产品设汽提塔。流程简单，投资和操作费用较少。原油通过这样的常压蒸馏，一般可得到350—370℃以前的几个馏分，可用作汽油、煤油（航空或灯用、）柴油等产品，也可分别作为重整化工（如轻油裂解）等装置的原料。蒸余的塔底重油可作钢铁或其它工业的燃料。在某些特定的情况下也可以作催化裂化或加氢裂化装置的原料。关键词：原油；常压设计；换热；常压塔沈阳化工学院学士学位论文内容摘要AbstractThisismainlyontheannualproductionof2，000,000tonsofcrudeoilinDaqingatmosphericdesign.Oilisoneimportantsourceofenergy,China'sindustrialproductionandeconomicoperationcannotbeseparatedfromoil，Butastheproductcannotbedirectlyused,Refiningtheprocessmustgothroughprocessing,andevenmadeavarietyofqualityinlinewiththerequirementsoftheuseofpetroleumproducts,canbeputintouse.Atmosphericandvacuumdistillationofcrudeoilasacrudeoilprocessingtechnology,thetotalflowofcrudeoilprocessedinanimportantrole,Intherefineryplaysadecisiveroleinitsoperationwillhaveadirectimpactonthefollow-upprocess.Oneoftheimportantseparationequipment-atmospherictowerdesignistheavailabilityofhigh-yield,high-qualityoilinthekey.Inrecentyearsatmosphericandvacuumdistillationtechnologyandmanagementexperiencecontinuousinnovation,significantconsumptionofenergy-savmparedwithfingdevices,improvingproductquality.However,cooreignadvancedlevel,therearestilllargegaps.Tobetterenhancetheproductioncapacityofcrudeoil,inasmallinvestment,lowenergyconsumptionandhighefficiencyofthethinkingoftheDaqingoilforatmosphericdistillationdesign.Thebasicdesignoftheprogramme:designasectionofvaporizationatmosphericdistillationunit,Thisdevicefromafurnaceofficial,aTaiwanatmospherictowerandanumberof沈阳化工学院学士学位论文内容摘要heatexchangers(Improvetheheattransferprocessshouldmeettherequirements:thebestuseofwasteheat;heatexchangergreaterintensityoftheheatexchanger;flowofoilpressuredropsmaller.)Condensatecooler,Pumpandothercomponents,intheatmospherictoweradjacenttothelaterallineproductsbasedstripper.Simpleprocesses,investmentandoperationalcostsless.Crudeoilthroughtheatmosphericdistillation,350-370℃beforethegeneralavailabilityofseveralfractions,Canbeusedasgasoline,kerosene(aviationorlamp),dieselandotherproducts,Alsocanbere-engineeringasachemical(suchasnaphthacracking)ofrawmaterialsandotherdevices.Isteamedthebottomofheavyoilforsteelorotherindustrialfuel.IncertaincircumstancescanalsobeFCCorhydrocrackingunitofrawmaterials.Keywords：oilpressure；Atmosphericdesign；Heatexchanger；Atmospherictower沈阳化工学院学士学位论文目录I目录前言...................................................1一、物料衡算...............................................41.1基准数据的处理.........................................41.1.1基准数据............................................41.1.2数据处理............................................41.1.3求平衡汽化曲线各点温度..............................61.2各种馏出产品的性质.....................................71.2.1各种馏出产品的基础数据..............................71.2.2各馏出产品的性质....................................91.3物料衡算..............................................10二、塔的工艺参数的选取....................................112.1原油精馏塔计算草图求取................................112.1.1确定蒸汽用量.......................................112.1.2塔板型适合塔板数...................................112.1.3精馏塔计算草图：...................................112.1.4操作压力的确定.....................................122.2汽化段和塔底温度的确定................................122.2.1汽化段温度.........................................122.2.2进料在汽化段中的焓.................................132.2.3.塔底温度...........................................14三、塔顶及侧线温度的假设与回流热分配......................153.1全塔回流热............................................153.1.1假设塔顶及各侧线温度...............................153.1.2全塔回流热.........................................15沈阳化工学院学士学位论文目录II3.1.3流热分配...........................................153.2侧线及塔顶温度的校....................................163.2.1柴油抽出板（第22层）温度..........................163.2.2煤油抽出板（第10层）温度..........................173.2.3塔顶温度...........................................18四、塔设备的设计计算......................................214.1全塔气液负荷的分布计算................................214.1.1塔顶（第一块板上方）的气液负荷.....................214.1.2第一层板下方的气液负荷.............................214.1.3常一线抽出口下方（即第10层下方）的气液负荷........224.1.4中段循环回流入口板上方的气液相负荷.................234.1.5中段循环回流抽出板下方的气液相负荷.................244.1.6煤油抽出板上方的气液相负荷.........................264.1.7柴油抽出板上方的气液相负荷.........................274.1.8汽化段气液相负荷...................................284.2各段气液相负荷列表....................................29五、常压塔和塔板主要工艺尺寸计算..........................305.1塔径的初算............................................305.1.2适宜的气体操作速度Wa..............................315.1.3气相空间截面积Fa..................................315.1.4计算降液管内液体流速Vd............................315.1.5计算降液管面积Fd..................................325.1.6计算塔横截面和塔径.................................325.1.7采