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1教育部全国翻译证书考试2001年试题（中级笔译）2001年北外英语翻译资格中级笔译试题passage1artificialspeechbecausespeechisthemostconvenientformofcommunication,inthefuturewewantessentiallynaturalconversationswithcomputers.theprimarypointofcontactwillbeasimpledevicethatwillactasourwindowontheworld.youwillsimplytalktoit.thedevicewillbepermanentlyconnectedtotheinternetandwillbeeprelevantinformationuptoyouasitcomesin.justhowquicklypeoplewilladapttoavoice-basedinternetworldisuncertain.manybelievethat,initiallyatleast,wewillneedsimilarconventionsforthevoicetothoseweuseatpresentonscreen:click,back,forward,andsoon.butsoonyouwillundoubtedlybeabletointeractbyvoicewithallthoseit-basedservicesyoucurrentlyconnectwithovertheinternetbymeansofakeyboard.thiswillhelptheinternetservetheentirepopulation,notjusttechno-freaks.changeslikethiswillencompassthewholeworld.becauseenglishisthelanguageofscience,itwillprobablyremainthelanguageinwhichthetechnologyismostadvanced,butmostspeech-recognitiontechniquesaretransferabletootherlanguagesprovidedthereissufficientmotivationtoundertakethework.withintenyearswewillhavecomputersthatrespondtogoal-directedconversations,butforacomputertohaveaconversationthattakesintoaccounthumansocialbehaviourisprobably50yearsoff.we’renotgoingtobechattingtothebigscreeninthelivingroomjustyet.therearethoseintheitcommunitywhobelievethatcurrenttechniqueswilleventuallyhitabrickwall.personally,ibelievethatincrementaldevelopmentsinperformancearemorelikely.butit’struethatbyabout2040orso,computerarchitectureswillneedtobecomehighlyparallelifperformanceistokeepincreasing.perhapsthatwillinspiresomeradicallynewapproachestospeechunderstandingthatwillsupplantthemethodswe’redevelopingnow.smallvendorsengageinsimplespot-markettransactions,withbuyersandsellersdealingfacetofacetotradefairlystandardproductswhosequalityiseasytoverify.langemultinationalfirmsexchangemoredifferentiatedproducts,facegreaterdifficultiesinverifyingquality,andmustspangreaterseparationsintimeandspacebetweenonepartofthetransactionandtheother.mosteconomieshavebothtypesofmarkets.butthefirstisrelativelymorecommonindevelopingcountries,thesecondinindustrialeconomies.developedmarkets-moreglobal,moreinclusive,andmoreintegrated-offermoreopportunityandchoice.underdevelopedmarkets,morelikelyinpoorcountries,tendtobemorelocalandsegmented.so,comparedwithfarmersincanada,poorfarmersinbangladeshhavefeweropportunitiesandfarfewerformalinstitutions(suchasbanksandformalcourts)toreducetheirrisksandincreasetheiropportunities.whatlimitsmarketopportunities?thetransactioncostsstemmingfrominadequateinformationandincompletedefinitionandenforcementofpropertyrights.andbarrierstoentryfornewparticipants.whatincreasesthem?institutionsthatraisethereturnsfrommarketexchange,reducerisk,andincreaseefficiency.2yetnotallinstitutionspromoteinclusivemarkets.institutionaldesignsthatevolvethroughhistoricalcircumstancesoraredirectedbypolicymakersarenotnecessarilythebestforallofsocietyorforeconomicgrowthandpovertyreduction.forinstance,stateagriculturalmarketingboards,insteadofhelpingfarmers,haveoftenresultedinlowerincomesfortheminafrica.andinstitutionsthatoncesupportedmarkettransactionscanoutlivetheirusefulness,forexample,privatizationagenciesandbankrestructuringagencies.thechallengeforpolicymakersistoshapeinstitutionaldevelopmentinwaysthatenhanceeconomicdevelopmentPart2TranslationfromChineseintoEnglish2hoursPassage1保姆校长常常听到一些大学校长说：“我把学生当自己的儿女看待。”他也真做得像个严父慈母：规定学生睡眠要足8小时，清晨6点必须起床做操，不许穿拖鞋在校内行走，等等。我一直以为大学校长是高瞻远瞩、指导学术与教育大方向的决策人，而不是管馒头稀饭的保姆。教育者或许会说：“这些学生如果进大学以前，就已经学好自治自律的话，我就不必如此喂之哺之；就是因为基础教育没教好，所以我办大学的人不得不教。”听起来有理，可是学生之所以在小学、中学12年间没有学会自治自律，就是因为他们一直接受喂哺式的辅导，大学再来继续进行“育婴”，这岂不是一个没完没了的恶性循环？我们对大学教育的期许是什么？教出一个言听计从、循规蹈矩的学生，还是教出一个自己会看情况、做决定的学生？Passage2发展问题发展问题一直是世界各国普遍关注的问题。大部分发展中国家取得独立后，在发展民族经济、改变贫穷落后面貌、缩小同发达国家的经济差距等方面，取得了巨大成绩。一些国家实现了经济“起飞”，甚至创造了“奇迹”。经济增长是社会发展的基础，但有增长不一定有发展。为了避免“有增长、无发展”的现象，世界各国都把可持续发展作为国家宏观经济发展战略的一种重要选择，并深刻认识到，人类需要一个持续发展的途径。这是人类发展观的重大转折，具有深远的历史意义。然而，在保持生态环境问题上，发展中国家存在的问题较为严重。特别是，一些发展中国家或没有认识到可持续发展的深刻内涵，或认识得很不深刻，采取的不得力。因此，在今后制定新的经济发展战略时，把可持续发展作为一个突出的重要内容，是大多数发展中国家面临的迫切和艰巨的任务。2002年全国翻译证书考试中级笔译试题TranslationfromEnglishintoChinese2hoursYoumayusetheadditionalpaperforanyroughworkbutyoumustcopyyouranswersontothispaper.Passage1TheAtlanticAllianceNeedsTending3TheU.S.andEurope.Thesedays,theybickeralmostlikeacouplewhoselongmarriageisindangerofunravelling.Thelitanyofmisunderstandingsandmutualresentmentseemstobegrowing.Fromthedeathpenaltytosteeltariffs,fromtheIsraeli-Palestinianconflicttomilitaryspending,thereisanabyssbetweenAmericanandEuropeanpositionsoninnumerableissues.Eachsidefeelstheotherisn’tshoulderingenoughoftheburdensfacingboth.TheEuropeansseeanunbendingposture,fromtheBushAdministration’sprotectinginefficientU.S.steelcompaniestoitsthreatstotakeoutIraq’sSaddamHussein—alone,ifnecessary.U.S.policymakers,fortheirpart,arelosingpatiencewithEuropeans’inabilitytogetseriousaboutdefencespending.ThewarinAfghanistanhasbroughthometherealitythatmuchofEuropehasfallenbehindinmilitarytechnology.AndWashingtonisannoyedatEurope’sfecklessattemptsateconomicref