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1717.1AIωΔ(decisionprocedure)ωΔNP[Börger1989][Schwartz1987,McDermott1987]HornHorn17.2HornHornHornHornPROLOG[Colmerauer1978,Clocksin&Mellish1987,Sterling&shapiro1986,Bratko1990]PROLOG•h:b1,...,bnb1...,bn⊃hhb1,...,bn•h:•b1,...,bnPROLOGPROLOGPROLOGPROLOG•mgu•PROLOGPROLOGPROLOGPROLOG1):-MOVES2)BAT_OK:-3)LIFTABLE:-4)MOVES:-BAT_OKLIFTABLE4::-BAK_OKLIFTABLE171672-LIFTABLE317-117-1/AND/ORANDOR/aboveonabove∀x,y,z[On(x,y)⊃Above(x,y)](∀x,y){(∃z)[On(x,z)Above(z,y)]⊃Above(x,y)}PROLOGABBCAC1):-Above(AC)2)On(AB):-3)On(BC):-4)Above(xy):-On(xy)5)Above(xy):-On(xz),Above(zy)4:-On(AC)5:-On(Az)Above(zC)2:-Above(BC)4:-On(BC)3:-Above(BC)PROLOG/17-216817-1/PROLOGPROLOGFOPCzPROLOG417-2/PROLOGAI[Pereira&Shieber1987][Shoham1994]PROLOGAIPROLOGDATALOG[Ullman1988,Ullman1989][Minker1997]PROLOGHornPROLOGAIPROLOGOPS5[Brownston,etal.1985]OPS517169()4()54113OPS5RETE[Brownston,etal.1985,Forgy1982]5AISOAR[Laird,Newell,&Rosenbloom1987,Rosenbloom,Laird,&Newell1993]17.3agentKBpremissPQPQ⊃RPR⊃SHornRSKBPQRSPQ10RPQSPR17-317-3Spreadline170agentAIreasonmaintenanceTMSjustificationRETE[Forgy1982]10017-4RS17-3S17-4TMS10OUTOUTOUT10INP1OUTPFalsePOUTOUT01RSOUTURS-⊃UOUT(-)TMS1INTMS1316INOUT17171KBOUTϕINϕmutualjustificationPP⊃QQ⊃RR⊃QPQRPQRQR17-5P1KBPOUTRQPOUTINOUT[Shoham1994,5]TMS1INnogoodsCMSINOUTCMSbackgroundtheoryDNFATMS17-6ATM17-6UPVRQWU{PQ}SP{PQ}ATM17-6UUATMPPQURQP17217-5POUT1RQ2pQR17-6TMSATMSATMnogoodsTMSATMS[deKleer1986a,deKleer1986b,deKleer1986c,Forbus&deKleer1993]17.4AI[Feigenbaum,McCorduck&Nii1988]circa1988[Dym&Levitt1991][Feigenbaum,McCorduck&Nii1988]AI17-7[[Feigenbaum,McCorduck,&Nii1988]TMS24AI17173ATMS17-7[Stefik1995]Horn•OK•COLLAT•PYMT•REP•APP•RATING•INC/174•BAL1)COLLATPYMTREP⊃OK2)APP⊃COLLAT3)RATING⊃REP4)INC⊃PYMT5)BALREP⊃OKOKOK//OKOK17-8OKBALREPCOLLATPYMTREPOKOK//BALRATINGAPPINCOKPYMTCOLLATREP17-8BAL11234APPINCRATINGOK1717517-8MYCIN[Shortliffe1976]3001)Theinfectionwhichrequirestherapyismeningitis,and2)Thepatientdoeshaveevidenceofseriousskinorsofttissueinfectionand3)Organismswerenotseenonthestainoftheculture,and4)ThetypeoftheinfectionisbacterialThereisevidencethattheorganism(otherthanthoseseenonculturesorsmears)whichmightbecausingtheinfectionisstaphylococcus-coag-pos(.75);streptococcus-group-a(.5).PROSPECTOR[DudaGaschnig,&Hart1979,Campbell,etal.1982]Ifthereisapre-intrusive,thorough-goingfaultsystem,thenthereis(5,0.7)aregionalenvironmentfavorableforaporphyrycopperdeposit.MYCIN0.750.5PROSPECTOR50.7MYCINPROSPECTOR1917.5176EBG17.5.1HornHorn17-11T0FOK1OK0α1α2...αn⊃OK{APPRATINGINCBAL}Tcover17-1APPRATINGINCBALOK110010200100311011401111501100611101711111810100911000separateandconquer17177(Quinlan1993,5)([Towell&Shavlik1992,Towell,Shavlik&Noordweier1990])[Michalski1969]MichalskiAQT⊃OK{APPRATINGINCBAL}rrApp=3/6=0.5rRATING=4/6=0.667rINC=3/6=0.5rBAL=3/4=0.75BALBAL⊃OK3471rBALrApp=2/3=0.667rRATING=3/3=1.0rINC=2/2=1.0RATINGINCRATINGrRATINGINCBALRATING⊃OK617-2T⊃OK12589rApp=1/4=0.25rRATING=0/3=0.0rINC=1/4=0.25rBAL=0/1=0.017-2APPRATINGINCBALOK110010200100501100611101810100911000n+r=n+n178APPAPP⊃OK189rrRATING=1/2=0.5rINC=1/2=0.5rBAL=0/1=0.0RATINGAPPRATING⊃OK9APPRATINGINC⊃OKBALRATING⊃OKAPPRATINGINC⊃OKΞγπρΓΞGSCA1)ΞcurΞ2)π3)repeatπ4)ΓT5)ρΓ⊃γ6)repeatΓρ7)Γ8)ΓΓ9)untilρΞcur10)ππρρ11)ΞcurΞcur(Ξcurπ)12)untilπΞCOLLATPYMTREP17179[Muggleton&Buntine1998]17.5.2ILPFOPCPROLOGHornHornHornILPFOIL[Quinlan1990.][Lavraˇc&Dˇzeroski1994][Muggleton1992]ILP[Muggleton&DeRaedt1994]ILPPROLOGFOPCHorn:ΞππΞπbackgroundknowledgePROLOG17-9ABCjunctionΞJunction(x)Shop(x,yEasy(x,y)ΞEasy(xyJunction(x)Shop(x,y)EasyΞ18017-9Easy(Ξ-)Junction(x)Shop(xy)Ξ{ABC}JunctionΞJunctionΞShopΞShopPROLOGGSCAILP1)2)3)4)5)Junction(x)Junction(y)Junction(z)shop(x,y)shop(y,x)shop(x,z)shop(z,y)17181(x=y)ILPGSCAILPEasyEasyx,y:-Junction(x)ΞEasy(x,y)-Junction(x)JunctionΞEasy(x,y)-Juntion(x)Junction(y)Easy(x,y)-Junction(x),Junction(y)ΞEasy(x,y)-Junction(x),Juntion(y)Easy(x,y)-Junction(x),Junction(y)ΞΞcurΞcurΞEasy(x,y):-Shop(x,y)Easy(x,y):-Shop(x,y)Easy(x,y):-Shop(x,y)ΞcurΞcurEasy(x,y):-Shop(y,x)182ΞJunctionShop17.5.3¬Pushable(A)17-1017-10EBG¬Pushable(A)Green(A)AAAxGreen(x)¬Pushable(A)Green(x)Greeen(A)¬Pushable(x)(EBG)17183EBGEBG[Minton,etal.1989]EBG,EBGutilityMinton[Minton1988,Minton1990]PRODIGY17.6[Levesque&Brachman1987][levesque1986]HornHornDATALOGDATALOG[Ullman1989][Gogicetal.1995][Selman&Kautz1991]HornGLBHornLUBLUBGLB[Kautz,Kearns,&Selman1993]Hornterminologicallogic[Khardon&Roth1998][Green1969a][Kowalski1974]PROLOGAlainColmerauerPROLOG[Roussel1975,Colmerauer1973][Warren,Pereira,&Pereira1977]JournalofLogic/[Nilsson19803]/AO*[Nilsson1969,Martelli&Montanari1973][Davis1980]/[smith,Genesereth&Ginsberg1986,Smith1989]ATMSNP[Selman&Levesque1990],Horn[Kautz,Kearns,&Selman1993]TMS[Doyle1979,deKlear1986a,deKleer1986b,deKleer1986c,Forbus&deKleer1993Shoham1994][Bobrow,Mittal,&Stefik1986][Stefik1995]AI184StefikADECVAX-11/780[McDermott1982][Leonard-Barton1987]DECIAAIIEEE[Kautz&Selman1992][Muggleton&Buntine1988]ILPGOLEM[Muggleton,King,&Sternberg1992]KRR[Brachman&Levesque1985]17.1PROLOG1)PROLOGPROLOG2)PROLOG¬P¬P17.2PROLOGPROLGOPROLOG17.3TomPa