分词与独立主格结构

分词与独立主格结构一、分词的结构现在分词：doing/beingdone/havingdone/havingbeendone过去分词:done二、分词用途1.定语1）单个的分词为定语通常是前置，特别是现在分词，其中现在分词表示主动且正在进行的含义，过去分词表示被动（及物动词）或已经完成的含义（不及物动词）；对声音和表情的修饰常用过去分词；某些单个过去分词前置与后置有区别：thegiventime/thetimegiventhewantedperson/thepersonwantedaconcernedlook/thepersonsconcernedaninvolvedsentence/thepersonsinvolved2)分词短语为定语需要后置，相当于一个定语从句，用doing表示主动且正在进行的含义；用beingdone表示被动且正在进行的含义；用done表示被动且已经完成的含义；用tobedone表示将来被动的含义，没有havingdone和havingbeendoneThebridge______(build)nextyearwilljoinupthetwoislands.Thebridge______(build)in1960isthefirstmodernoneinChongqing.Thebridge______(build)willbecompletednextweek.思考：是否所有的定语从句都可以改为分词结构吗？下列两个句子可以改为分词结构吗？Themanwhocamethismorningishisfather.Isthereanyonewhocandriveacar?2.表语现在分词作为表语表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词为表语表示主语所处的状态1).Theanimalandplantsthattheyfoundtherewere(astonish)2).Iwas(astonish)tolearnthathislonglostchildhadbeenfound.3).Thenewsmadeus.(diappoint)4).ThemotherwenttovisitEinstein.(puzzle)5).MadameCuriefoundhusband’sdeath.(shock)6).Isawtheboyvery(excite)7).Bebrave.Youlooklikeabird(frighten)8).Thefiercelionlooks(frighten).Keepawayfromitscageoritwillattackyou.9).Thefoodservedatthedinnerpartydidnotseemvery(invite)3.宾语补足语现在分词在see,watch,hear,observe,notice,feel,find,glimpse,glance等感官动词和lookat,listento等短语动词，以及have,keep,get,catch,leave,set,start,send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。在动词see,hear,feel,watch,notice，perceive，observe,listento,lookat后既可用现在分词做补语,也可用不定式做补语。用现在分词表示动作正在进行,用不定式表示的动作的全过程已经完成。过去分词可以在allow,ask,consider,desire,expect,feel,find,get,have,hear,imagine,keep,like,make,observe,order,permit,prefer,remember,request,require,see,urge动词等后面作宾语补足语。4.状语可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。Hearingthenews,theyalljumpedwithjoy.原因Usingwhatyouknowofwordstemsandwordformations,youcanmakeaguessatthemeaningofanewword.条件Thestudentswentoutoftheclassroom,laughingandtalking.伴随（主动）Accompaniedbyhisfriend,hewenttotherailwaystation.伴随（被动）Givenbetterattention,theplantscouldgrowbetter.（条件）Helookedtiredanddepressed,visiblydisturbedbythenewsofhismother'sillness.（结果）练习：________(nothear)fromhisson,themotherworriedagreatdeal._____________(give)suchagoodchance,howcoulyouletitslipaway?________(see)fromthetopthemountain,ourcitylooksmorebeautiful._____(see)nobodyathome,Idecidedtocomeagain.现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when,once,although,until,if等连词。Whenleavingtheairport,shewavedagainandagaintous.Whilewaitingforthetrain,Ihadalongtalkwithmysisteraboutherwork.Oncerecovered,hethrewhimselfintohisworkandmadeeveryefforttodoitwell.Althoughworkingveryhard,hefailedtopassthefinalexam.Iftranslatedwordbyword,thepassagewillbedifficulttounderstand.某些现在分词可用来表示说话人对所说的话所持的看法或态度，它们已变成固定词组，在句中作独立成分，与句子主语无关。这类现在分词常见的有：generallyspeaking（一般地说），strictlyspeaking（严格地说），judgingfrom／by．．．（从……来判断），talkingof．．．（说到……），considering．．．（考虑到……），supposing．．．（假定……）等。如：Generallyspeaking，itisnoteasyforaforeignertolearnChinesewellinashorttime．Consideringeverything，itwasn'tabadholiday．独立主格结构独立主格结构是由名词或代词+其他成分（分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语）构成，相当于状语从句，用于书面语，逻辑主语与句子主语不一致1.名词/主格代词+现在分词Timepermitting,wecanfinishthework.2.名词/主格代词+过去分词Allthingsconsidered,hersuggestionisofgreatervaluethanyours.3.名词/主格代词+adj./adv.Themeetingover,thestudentsweredismissed.4.名词/主格代词+不定式Theteachertohelpus，wewillsucceed.5.名词/主格代词+介词短语Theoldfarmercameback,alargebasketonhisshoulder.6.with/without的复合结构