ThemostprominentnovelistoftheVictorianage.CharlesDickens1.HisLifeandCareer2.HisMajorWorksIn1836,hisfirstbookSketchesbyBozpublished→In1870,hedied,leavingEdwinDroodunfinishedAt15,workingasalawyer’sofficeboy→studyandreadinsparetimemovedtoLondon→heavilyindebt→hadtowork→knowthepooranddarkborninPortsmouth→movedtoChatham→happychildhood→readstories1.HisLifeandCareerꞜThefirstperiod(1836—1841)ꞜPeriodofyouthfuloptimist:fun,highspirit,naiveoptimism.ꞜAtthisstageDickensbelievedthatalltheevilsofthecapitalistworldwouldberemediedifonlymentreatedeachotherwithkindliness,justice,andsympatheticunderstanding.ꞜDickensthoughtthatthewholesocialquestionwouldbesolvedifonlyeveryemployerreformedhimselfaccordingtothemodelsetbythebenevolentgentlemeninhisnovels.ꞜThisnaiveoptimismischaracteristicofthepetty-bourgeoishumanitariansofhistime.HisMajorWorks(thefirstperiod)1)SketchesbyBoz(1836)«博兹特写集»,thefirstbookofDickens2)ThePickwickPapers(1837)«匹克威克外传»3)OliverTwist(1837-1838)《雾都孤儿》4)NicholsNickleby(1838-1839)«尼古拉斯·尼克尔贝»5)TheOldCuriosityShop(1840-1841)«老古玩店»6)BarnabyRudge(1841)«巴纳比·拉奇»HisMajorWorks(thefirstperiod)HisMajorWorks(thesecondperiod)ꞜThesecondperiod(1842-1850)ꞜPeriodofexcitement,irritationandfrustration:exposingthecorruptinginfluenceofwealthandpower,optimismturnedintodissatisfactionandirritation.ꞜDickens'secondperiodbeganfrom1842,theyearafterhisfirstvisittoAmerica.Beforethevisit,DickensthoughtoftheUnitedStatesasaworldinwhichtherewerenoclassdivisionsandhumanrelationswerehumanitarian.Butwhatimpressedhimmostduringhisvisittherewastheruleofthedollarandtheenormouslycorruptiveinfluenceofwealthandpower.ꞜDickens‘naiveoptimismtowardthecapitalistsocietywasprofoundlyshaken.HisMajorWorks(thesecondperiod)1)AmericanNotes(1842)«美国札记»2)MartinChuzzlewit(1843-1844)«马丁·朱述尔维特»3)AChristmasCarol(1843)《圣诞颂歌》4)TheChimes《教堂钟声》5)TheCricketontheHearth《灶上蟋蟀》6)DombeyandSon(1847-1848)«董贝父子»7)DavidCopperfield(1849-1850)«大卫·科波菲尔»themostautobiographical,oneofthegreatestEnglishnovelsꞜThethirdperiod(1850-1870)ꞜaPeriodofsteadilyintensifyingpessimism,showingunderlyingtoneofbitterness,lossofhopeforEnglishbourgeoissociety.ꞜInhisnovelsofthisperiod,Dickens,consciouslyandsubconsciously,showshimselfmoreandmoreatoddswithbourgeois(资产阶级的)society.HisMajorWorks(thethirdperiod)HisMajorWorks(thethirdperiod)1)BleakHouse(1852-1853)«荒凉山庄»2)HardTimes(1854)«艰难时世»3)LittleDorrit(1855-1857)«小杜丽»4)ATaleofTwoCities(1859)«双城记»5)GreatExpectations(1860-1861)«远大前程»6)OurMutualFriend(1864-1865)«我们的共同朋友»7)EdwinDrood(unfinished)(1869)«艾德温·德鲁德之迷».Inthisnovel,Dickensdescribesoneboygrowingupinaworldwhichisbyturnsmagical,fearfulandgrimlyrealistic.Inabookwhichispartautobiographical,thenovelisttransmuteshislife-experienceintoaseriesofcomicandsentimentaladventures.DavidCopperfieldDickensisbasedontheideaofhumanitarian,exposedtheevilsofmoney摩德斯通骗娶大卫的母亲是觊觎她的财产;爱弥丽的私奔是经受不起金钱的诱惑;威克菲尔一家的痛苦,海姆的绝望,无一不是金钱造成的恶果。而卑鄙小人希普也是在金钱诱惑下一步步堕落的,最后落得个终身监禁的可耻下场。ThemoralityofDickenshimself:onegoodturndeservesanother,whatgoesaroundcomesaround“这部小说里各类主要人物的结局,都是沿着这种脉络设计的。如象征着邪恶的希普和斯提福兹最后都得到了应有的惩罚;而善良的人都找到了可喜的归宿。狄更斯希翼以这样的道德观来改造社会,消除人间罪恶,这是他的局限性所在。Humanitarianspirit人道主义精神这种精神不仅是作者个人情怀的体现,同时也是对那些需要社会关怀和救助的弱势群体带来的精神抚慰。人性即是狄更斯人道主义的基础和出发点,道德是狄更斯人道主义思想的主要内容,对社会的批判则是狄更斯从人道主义出发对社会进行观察和评价的结果。BleakHouse小说的一条线索围绕大法官法庭审理“加迪斯控告加迪斯”这一神秘财产诉讼案展开。加迪斯家的一个先人发了一笔横财,去世前留下了遗嘱,但遗嘱稀奇古怪,没人可以读懂。后代们为了争夺遗产,消耗了青春,献出了满腔热情,但最终只能心灰意冷,甚至郁郁而终。大法官法庭对这个案件的审理一拖再拖,一晃几十年过去了,诉讼费用耗完了所有财产,整个案件也就不了了之。很多人成了僵化死板的法律条文和墨守成规的国家机器的牺牲品。作品充分暴露了英国司法制度的腐朽和无能、律师们的贪心本性和龌龊行径。小说的另一条线索围绕伊斯特·萨摩森小姐及其生母德罗克夫人的秘密展开。伊斯特是德罗克夫人在婚前与霍顿船长偷情所生的私生女。德罗克夫人以为情夫和孩子早已不在人世,自己的秘密永远不会被揭穿。但狡猾邪恶的家庭律师图经霍恩偶然发现了这个秘密,对德罗克夫人步步紧逼,后者选择了离家出走,最后死在了昔日情夫的墓前。而夫人的私生女在监护人约翰·加迪斯的庇护和帮助下,过上了幸福美满的生活。Ꞝ《双城记》写的是发生在巴黎和伦敦两个城市的故事。Ꞝ法国大革命期间,英国伦敦的年轻律师席尼·卡顿,爱上了巴黎女子露丝·曼纳。但露丝·曼纳却嫁给了法国贵族查尔斯·达雷。Ꞝ席尼·卡顿为了成全所爱之人的幸福,竟然以牺牲自己的生命的方式来挽救查尔斯·达雷的性命。ATaleOfTwoCitiesItwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes,itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness,itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofincredulity,itwastheseasonofLight,itwastheseasonofDarkness,itwasthespringofhope,itwasthewinterofdespair,wehadeverythingbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus,wewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven,wewereallgoingdirecttheotherway--inshort,theperiodwassofarlikethepresentperiod,thatsomeofitsnoisiestauthoritiesinsistedonitsbeingreceived,forgoodorforevil,inthesuperlativedegreeofcomparisononly.这是最好的时代,也是最坏的时代;这是智慧的时代,也是愚蠢的时代;这是信任的年代,也是怀疑的年代;这是光明的季节,也是黑暗的季节;这是希望的春天,也是失望的冬天;我们的前途无量,同时又感到希望渺茫;我们一齐奔向天堂,我们全都走向另一个方向……ꞜIloveyounotbecauseofwhoyouare,butbecauseofwhoIamwhenIamwithyou.我爱你,不是因为你是一个怎样的人,而是因为我喜欢与你在一起时的感觉。ꞜNomanorwomanisworthyourtears,andtheonewhois,won‘tmakeyoucry.没有人值得你流泪,值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。ꞜTheworstwaytomisssomeoneistobesittingrightbesidethemknowingyoucan‘thavethem.失去某人,最糟糕的莫过于,他近在身旁,却犹如远在天边。ꞜNeverfrown,evenwhenyouaresad,becauseyouneverknowwhoisfallinginlovewithyoursmile.纵然伤心,也不要愁眉不展,因为你不知是谁会爱上你的笑容。ꞜTotheworldyoumaybeoneperson,buttoonepersonyoumaybetheworld.对于世界而言,你是一个人;但是对于某个人,你是他的整个世界。ꞜJustbecausesomeonedoesn‘tloveyouthewayyouwantthemto,doesn‘tmeantheydon‘tloveyouwithalltheyhave.爱你的人如果没有按你所希望的方式来爱你,