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语用学名词解释Syntax句法学:syntaxisthestudyoftherelationshipsbetweenlinguisticforms,howtheyarearrangedinsequence,andwhichsequencesarewell-formed.Semantics语义学:semanticsisthestudyoftherelationshipsbetweenlinguisticformsandentitiesintheworld;thatis,howwordsliterallyconnecttothings.Discourseanalysis话语分析：isageneraltermforanumberofapproachestoanalyzingwritten,spoken,signedlanguageuseoranysignificantsemioticevent.Theobjectsofdiscourseanalysis—discourse,writing,talk,conversation,communicativeevent,etc.—arevariouslydefinedintermsofcoherentsequencesofsentences,propositions,speechactsorturns-at-talk.DifferentCulturalAssumptions差异文化假设:Itrefertothefactthateventhoughpeopleinsituationssuchaswestudyagreeontheoverallpurposeoftheinteraction,thereareoftenradicaldifferencesastowhatexpectationsandrightsareinvolvedatanyonetime.Cross-culturalpragmaticfailure跨文化语用错误:Itincludespragmalinguisticandsociopragmaticfailure.Face面子:meansthepublicself-imageofaperson.itreferstothatemotionalandsocialsenseofselfthateveryonehasandexpectseveryoneelsetorecognize.Politeness礼貌:meansthatsomeoneshowsawarenessofanotherperson'sface.facewants面子需求:withinsocialinteractions,peoplegenerallybehaveasifthereexpectationsconcerningtheirpublicself-imageDeixis指示:Atechnicaltermforoneofthemostbasicthingswedowithutterances.Itmeans“pointing”vialanguage.Itisaformofreferringthatistiedtothespeaker’scontext,withthemostbasicdistinctionbeing“nearspeaker”versus“awayformspeaker”.Honorifics尊称:Theyaretheexpressionswhichareusedtoindicatehigherstatus.proximalterms近指:Thetermsmean“nearthespeaker”,whichareinterpretedintermsofthespeaker’slocation,orthedeicticcenter.T/Vdistinction亲疏区别:Awell-knownsocialcontrastencodedwithinpersondeixisisthedistinctionbetweenformsusedforafamiliaraddresseeinsomelanguage.It’sfromFrenchforms“tu”(familiar)and“vous”(non-familiar),andcouldbefoundinmanylanguages.Deicticprojection指示投影：speakersseemtobeabletoprojectthemselvesintootherlocationspriortoactuallybeinginthoselocation.Solidaritystrategy团结策略:Thetendencytousepositivepolitenessforms,emphasizingclosenessbetweenspeakerandhearer,canbeseenasasolidaritystrategy.Deferencestrategy顺从策略:Thetendencytousenegativepolitenessforms,emphasizingthehearer'srighttofreedomcanbeseenasadeferencestrategy.Quality质量:Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue.Implicature蕴义:Anadditionalconveyedmeaning.Generalizedconversationalimplicature一般会话含义:Whennospecialknowledgeisrequiredinthecontexttocalculatetheadditionalconveyedmeaning,itiscalledgeneralizedconversationalimplicature.Reference引用:anactinwhichaspeaker,orwriter,useslinguisticformstoenablealistener,orreader,toidentifysomething.Itisclearlytiedtothespeaker’sgoalsandthespeaker’sbeliefsintheuseoflanguage.Zeroanaphora零形回指:itisalsocalledellipsis.Whentheinterpretationrequiresustoidentifyanentity,andnolinguisticexpressionispresent,itiscalledzeroanaphora.Theuseofzeroanaphoraasameansofmaintainingreferenceclearlycreatesanexpectationtharthelistenerwillbeabletoinferwhoorwhatthespeakerintendstoidentify.itisalsoanotherobviouscaseofmorebeingcommunicatedthanissaid.Referringexpressions指词:canbepropernouns,nounphraseswhicharedefinite,orindefinite,andpronouns.thechoiceofonetypeofreferringexpressionisbasedonwhatthespeakerassumesthelisteneralreadyknows.Attributablesilence:Ifonespeakeractuallyturnsoverthefloortoanotherandtheotherdoesnotspeak,thenthesilenceisattributedtothesecondspeakerandbecomessignificant.Overlap重叠：Bothspeakerstrytospeakatthesametime.Highconsideratenessstyle高体贴风格:Speakersuseaslowerrate,expectlongerpausesbetweenturns,donotoverlap,andavoidinterruptionorcompletionoftheother’sturn.Backchannelsignals反馈信号:Themostcommonvocalsignaltoindicatetheconversationpartnersarelistening.Turn-taking话轮:Inanysituationwherecontrolisnotfixedinadvance,anyonecanattempttogetcontrol.TRP转换关联位置:TransitionRelevancePlace.Anypossiblechangeinwhohastheturn.