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Chp11.Native-like:Theabilitytocomprehendandproduceasecondlanguageatalevelofperformancewhichishardlydistinguishablefromthatofanativespeaker.2.nativespeaker:Apersonwhohaslearnedalanguagefromaearlyageanwhohasfullmasteryofthatlanguage.Nativespeakersmaydifferintermsofvocabularyandstylisticaspectsoflanguageuse,buttheytendtoagreeonthebasicgrammarofthelanguage.3.Input:Thelanguagewhichthelearnerisexposedto(eitherwrittenorspoken)intheenvironment.4.grammaticalmorphemes:Morphemesarethesmallestunitsoflanguagethatcarrymeaning.Asimplewordisamorpheme(book).Grammaticalmorphemesarethesmallerunitswhichareaddedtowordstoaltertheirmeaning(-s,plural)orfunctionwords(the)whichareordinarilyattachedtoanotherword.5.metalinguisticawareness:Theabilitytotreatlanguageasanobject,forexample,beingabletodefineaword,ortosaywhatsoundsmakeupthatword.6.developmentalsequences/OrderofacquisitionNaturalorder:Theorderinwhichcertainfeaturesofalanguage(forexample,negation)areacquiredinlanguagelearning.Alsocalleddevelopmentalstagesororderofacquisition.7.Languageacquisitiondevice(LAD):Ametaphorfortheinnateknowledgeofthe‘universal’principlescommontoallhumanlanguages.Thepresenceofthisknowledgepermitschildrentodiscoverthestructureofagivenlanguageonthebasisofarelativelysmallamountofinput.8.UG:Innatelinguisticknowledgewhich,itishypothesized,consistsofasetofprinciplescommontoalllanguages.ThistermisassociatedwithChomsky’stheoryoflanguageacquisition.9.CriticalPeriodHypothesis:Theproposalthatthereisaspecificandlimitedtimeperiodforlanguageacquisition.TherearetwoversionsoftheCPH.Thestrongversionisthatifalanguageisnotlearnedbypubertythebiologicalendowmentwhichpermitssuccessfullanguageacquisitionwillnotbeavailable.Thusthelearnerwillhavetousegenerallearningmechanismswhicharenotdesignedforlanguageacquisitionandthusnotassuccessful.Theweakversionisthat,eventhoughthesamelearningmechanismsareinvolved,secondlanguagelearningwillbemoredifficultandincompleteafterpubertybecausemostlearnershaveneitherthetimenorthemotivationtoreachthehighlevelofmasterywhichachildreaches.10.childdirectedspeech:Thelanguagewhichcaretakersaddresstochildren.Insomecases,thislanguageissimplerthanwhichisaddressedtoadultsandalsomayinvolveslowerspeech,morerepetition,andalargenumberofquestions.11.modifiedinteraction:Adaptedconversationpatternswhichproficientspeakersuseinaddressinglanguagelearnerssothatthelearnerwillbeabletounderstand.(comprehensionchecks,clarificationrequestsandself-repetitions).12.Cognitivematurity:Theabilitytoengageinproblem-solving,deduction,andcomplexmemorytasks.13.Modifiedinput:Adaptedspeechwhichadultsusetoaddresschildrenandnativespeakersusetoaddresslanguagelearnerssothatthelearnerwillbeabletounderstand.Examplesofmodifiedinputincludeshorter,simplersentences,slowerrateofspeech,andbasicvocabulary.14.foreignertalk:themodifiedorsimplifiedlanguagewhichsomenativespeakersaddresstosecondlanguagelearners.Aspecialcategoryofforeigntalkisteachertalk.15.teachertalk16.Rateofdevelopment:Thespeedatwhichlearnersprogressintheirlanguagedevelopment17.Imitation:word-for-wordrepetitionofallorpartofsomeoneelse’sutterance.18.Practice:repetitivemanipulationofform.19.Zoneofproximaldevelopment:Thelevelofperformancewhichalearneriscapableofwhenthereissupportfrominteractionwithamoreadvancedinterlocutor.20.Subtractivebilingualism:Thefirstlanguagewhichispartiallyorcompletelylostasasecondlanguageisacquired.Thisisoftentheresultoflearningasecondlanguagewhenone’slanguageskillsarenotfullydeveloped.21.Accuracyorder:Therelativeaccuracyofgrammaticalformsinlearnerlanguage.Forexample,learnersareoftenmoreaccurateinusingplural-sthaninusingpossessive-’s.Someresearchershaveinferredthatanaccuracyisequivalenttoasequenceofacquisition.Chp222.ESL:EnglishasaSecondLanguage.ThisreferstothelearningofEnglishforuseinasettingwhereEnglishisprincipallanguage.23.CAH(Contrastiveanalysishypothesis):TheCAHpredictsthatwheretherearesimilaritiesbetweenthefirstandsecondlanguages,thelearnerwillacquiresecondlanguagestructureswithease;wheretherearedifferences,thelearnerwillhavedifficulty.24.Targetlanguage:Thelanguagewhichisbeinglearned,whetheritisthefirstlanguageorasecond(orthirdorfourth)language25.Errorcorrection26.Judgmentsofgrammaticality:Responsestothequestion“Isthisacorrect/acceptablesentenceofEnglish/oranotherlanguage?Inansweringsuchquestions,weareaskedtofocusonthefrom/grammarratherthanonitsmeaning.27.Comprehensibleinput(i+1):AtermintroducedbyStephenKrashentorefertolanguagewhichalearnercanunderstand.Thelanguagemaybecomprehensibleinpartbecauseofcluessuchasgestures,situations,orpriorinformation.28.Affect:motives,needs,attitudesandemotionalstateAffectfilter:animaginarybarrierwhichpreventslearnersfromacquiringlanguagefromtheavailableinput.29.Informationprocessing:Thisisapsychologicaltheorycomparesthehumanbraintoacomputer.Itincludestheideathatthebrainhasaverylargecapacitytostoreinformationinthelongterm,butamorelimitedcapacityforinformationwhichrequiresourattention.Afteracertainamountofpractice,thingswhichatfirstrequiredattentionbecomeautomatic,leavingmor