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PuritanismFeaturesofPuritanism1.Purificationofthechurch2.Calvinism(JohnCalvin,1509-1564,Frenchprotestantreformer)(1).EmphasisofPredestination“预定论”(2).Totaldepravity(OriginalSin)彻底的堕落(因原罪而起）(3).Limitedatonement有限的赎罪AnneBradstreet(1612—1672)FirstfamouspoetinNorthAmerica,knownasthe“TenthMuse”最早写出真正有价值的英文诗歌的女诗人Majorworks:thefirstcollectionofpoemsinNorthAmerica.TheTenthMuseLatelySprungupinAmerica(1650)《最近在美洲出现的第十位缪斯》Contemplations《沉思录》BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)Statesman,essayist,orator,philosopher,ambassador,scientist,inventor,publisher“masterofeachandmasteredbynone”—HermanMelvilleOneoftheFoundingFathersofAmericaSymbolofAmericaintheAgeofEnlightenmentTheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheUnitedStates:theDeclarationofIndependencethetreatyofalliancewithFrancethetreatyofpeacewithEnglandtheconstitutionThesymbolofAmericanDream,aself-mademanHisMajorWorksPoorRichard’sAlmanac(1732)《格言历书》poemsandessaysagoodmanyadagesandcommonsensewitticismsAutobiography(1868)—thesimpleyetimmenselyfascinatingrecordofamanrisingtowealthandfamefromastateofpovertyandobscurity—thefaithfulaccountofthecolorfulcareerofAmerican’sfirstself-mademan.—aPuritandocument(self-examinationandself-improvement;illustrationofPuritanethics)—astoryofthefulfillmentofAmericandream.ThirteenvirtuesfromTheAutobiography1.Temperance节制.Eatnottodullness;drinknottoelevation.2.Silence沉默.Speaknotbutwhatmaybenefitothersoryourself;avoidtriflingconversation.3.Order秩序.Letallyourthingshavetheirplaces;leteachpartofyourbusinesshaveitstime.4.Resolution决心.Resolvetoperformwhatyouought;performwithoutfailwhatyouresolve.5.Frugality节俭.Makenoexpensebuttodogoodtoothersoryourself,i.e.,wastenothing.6.Industry勤奋.Losenotime;bealwaysemployedinsomethinguseful;cutoffallunnecessaryactions.7.Sincerity诚实.Usenoharmfuldeceit;thinkinnocentlyandjustly,and,ifyouspeak,speakaccordingly.8.Justice公正.Wrongnonebydoinginjuries,oromittingthebenefitsthatareyourduty.9.Moderation适度.Avoidextremes;forbearresentinginjuriessomuchasyouthinktheydeserve.10.Cleanliness清洁.Toleratenouncleanlinessinbody,clothes,orhabitation.11.Tranquility宁静.Benotdisturbedattrifles,orataccidentscommonorunavoidable.12.Chastity贞洁.Rarelyusevenerybutforhealthoroffspring,nevertodullness,weakness,ortheinjuryofourownoranother’speaceorreputation.13.Humility谦虚.ImitateJesusandSocrates.TheStyleofPuritanWriting1.Protestant-againstornateness;reverencefortheBible.ThePuritanschosetheBibleastheguidebooktotheirPromisedLand.2.Puritanwritingreflectedthecharacterandscopeofthereadingpublic,whichwasliterateandwell-groundedinreligion.AmericanRomanticismTimeRange:Fromtheendofthe18thcenturythroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.HistoricalBackground:Nationalindependence,democracyRisingmaterialismandbusiness:leisureandwealthReligiousdogma,rationalismFeatures:AmericanRomanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.Imitative:EnglishandEuropeanRomanticists,abouthome,family,nature,childrenandidealizedlove,etc.Independent:EmersonandWhitman,onmajorproblemsofAmericanlife,likethewestwardexpansionanddemocracyandequality,etc.1.RomanticSubjectMatter(1).Thequestforbeauty:non-didactic,purebeauty.(AllanPoe)(2).Theuseofthefar-awayandnon-normal-antiqueandfanciful(Hawthorn,Poe)(3).Escapism-fromAmericanproblems(Irving).(4).Interestinexternalnature-foritself,forbeauty(Emerson,Thoreau)2.RomanticAttitudes:(1).Appealstoimagination:remotenessofsettingsintimeandspace.improbableplots.(2).Stressonemotionratherthanreason;optimism,(3).Authorialsubjectivity:informandmeaning.3.MajorThemes:a.Primitivismandthecultofthe“noblesavage”(Hiawatha《海华沙》);b.Thecelebrationofnaturalbeautyandthesimplelife(Cooper,Emerson,Thoreau);c.Commonman,uncorruptedbycivilization(Whittier,Cooper);d.Interestinthepicturesquepast(Irving,Hawthorne);e.Interestintheremoteplaces(Melville);medievalism(Longfellow);RepresentitiveWritersandWorksWashingtonIrving’sTheSketchBook《见闻札记》marksthebeginningofAmericanRomanticism.Whitman’s(慧特曼)LeavesofGrass《草叶集》)isthelastmasterpieceofAmericanRomanticism.JamesFenimoreCooper’sLeatherstockingTales《皮裹腿故事集》depictsasapioneer,effectivelyapproximatestheAmericannationalexperienceofadventureintotheWest.WashingtonIrving（1783-1859）FatheroftheAmericanshortstories；thefirstgreatAmericanwriter；thefirstAmericanwriterofimaginativeliteraturetogaininternationalfame.Masterpiece:TheSketchBook(1820）marksthebeginningofAmericanRomanticism.RipVanWinkle（《瑞普·凡·温克尔》）TheLegendofSleepyHollow（《睡谷的传说》）JamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)OneofthefirstauthorstowriteabouttheAmericanWestwardmovement.ThecreationofamythabouttheformativeperiodoftheAmericannation.Theintroductionofthe“Western”traditionintoAmericanliterature.Masterpiece:LeatherstockingTales《皮裹腿故事集》（acollectionoftales）ThePioneer,1823;《拓荒者》TheLastoftheMohicans,1826;《最后的莫西干人》ThePrairie,1827;《大草原》ThePathfinder,1840;《探路人》TheDeerslayer,1841.《杀鹿者》TranscendentalismFeatures:1.Oversoul2.Individualism3.NatureTheTranscendentalists:TheBigThree:1.RalphWaldoEmerson;2.HenryDavidThoreau;3.MargaretFullerThreesources:1.AthoughtfulrevoltagainstPuritanism(totaldepravity,theoriginalsinetc.).2.Germanp