日本水稻生产机械化系统分析及对中国农业机械化发展的建议_英文_(1

19520039TransactionsoftheCSAEVol.19No.5Sept.2003AgriculturalmechanizationsystemofriceproductionofJapanandproposalforChinaYangMingjin1,YangLing1,LiQingdong2,ChenJian1(1.EngineeringTechnologyCollege,SouthwestAgriculturalUniversity,Chongqing400716,China;2.TeachingAffairsDepartment,SouthwestAgriculturalUniversity,Chongqing400716,China)Abstract:Thispaperanalyzedagriculturalmechanizationsystemofriceproductionusingfullmechanization(ridingtype)seriesandsemi2mechanization(walkingtype)series.Effectivefieldcapacity,coveragearea,operationalcost,costindex,etc.wereanalyzed,includingthelandtilling,seedlingtransplanting,cropprotection,chemicalapplicationandharvestingoperation.Totalmachineryutilizationcostperhectareforeachfarmworkwasalsopresented.OnthebasisofanalysisofagriculturalmechanizationsystemofriceproductionofJapan,arationalproposaltothedevelopmentofagriculturalmechanizationofChinawasmade.FinancialanalysisresultsshowthatagriculturalmechanizationdevelopmentofChinacannotdirectlycopythewayofJapan,andagriculturalmechanizationofChinacanonlyberealizedstepbystep.Keywords:agriculturalmechanizationsystem;riceproduction;costindex;Japan;ChinaCLCnumber:S23Documentcode:AArticleID:100226819(2003)0520077206Receiveddate:2003206203Biography:YangMingjin(1973-),borninDazhu,Sichuanprovince,lecturerofEngineeringTechnologyCollege,SouthwestAgriculturalUniversity,Chongqing400716,China.MajoredinAgriculturalEngineering;traineeinTsukubaIntermationalCenter,CA,Japan(2002.22002.11).Email:[e-mail]nycountriesespeciallyinAsiancountriessuchasChinaandJapan.InChina,60%ofitspopulationfeedsriceasstaplefood,totalcultivatedareais3.13107hm2,accountingfor34%oftotalcerealcultivatedareaand21%oftotalricecultivatedareaintheworld,andtotaloutputis19.851010kg,accountingfor43%oftotalcerealoutputand36%oftotalriceoutputintheworld[1,2].Itcanbealsousedasbiomassfuelthroughfermentation.Ithashighpotentialityforethanolinwhichtheproductionefficiencyis0.43m3öt,thehighestamongtheagriculturalcrops[13].IncreaseofriceproductionisthemajorpartoftheincreaseofcropproductioninChina.Levelinguptheagriculturalmechanizationstatusofriceproductioncanbenefittoachievetheobject.EspeciallyinsouthChina,mainareasofriceproduction,todevelopthemechanizationofriceproductionisimperative[1,4].Thedevelopmentofagricultureandtherenewalofagriculturalmachineryrelyheavilyoninnovationofscienceandtechnology,andthereisaneedofnewdecision2makingmethods[5,6].ThelevelofagriculturalmechanizationofChinaissomewhatlow.ThereisalargegapofagriculturalmechanizationbetweenChinaanddevelopedcountries.ThedevelopmentofagriculturalmechanizationisindisproportioninChina.Themainobstacletothedevelopmentisthatthesmallfarmscaleofeachfarmhouseisunsuitabletothelargescaleofagriculturalmachineryproductionandthehighinvestmentforagriculturalmachinery[7,8].Asuitableagriculturalmechanizationsystemofacountryshouldbeestablishedthroughthedevelopmentofmachinesadjustedtohertraditionalfarmingmethods,andeconomy,energyandenvironmentshouldalsobetakenintoconsideration[9].TheeconomicanalysisofagriculturalmechanizationofriceproductionandaproposaltothedevelopmentofagriculturalmechanizationofChinaarereportedasfollows.2Methodsandmaterials2.1ExperimentarrangementRiceproductionsystemincludesmanytypesoffarmwork,namelylandpreparation,seedlingpreparation,transplanting,cropprotection,chemicalapplicationandharvestingoperationandsoon.ForthepurposeofbetterunderstandingandeasyanalysisofJapaneseagriculturalmechanization(AM)systemofriceproduction,weseparatedtheagriculturalmechanizationsystemintotwoseries,namelyfullmechanization(ridingtype)seriesandsemi2mechanization(walkingtype)series.Thetermsofridingandwalkingtookthenamesafterridingtypetractorandwalkingtypetractor.Experimentsrelatedtoridingtypeseriesincluderidingtypepuddling,ridingtypetransplanting,powerweeding,powersprayingandcombineharvesting.77Experimentsrelatedtowalkingtypeseriesincludewalkingtypepuddling,walkingtypetransplanting,manualweeding,mistspraying,andreapingandpowerthreshing.Powerweedingandmanualweedingareforcropcaring,andpowersprayingandmistsprayingareforchemicalapplication.AllexperimentsweredoneontheattachedfarmintheblockA3,0.2hm2,ofTsukubaInternationalCenter,Ibaraki2ken,Japan.Testswereorientedtoitemsofcostanalysissuchaseffectivefieldcapacity,annualfixedcost,variablecost,etc.Itemsconcerningwithfieldconditionsandmachineryperformancewerealsoperformed.AlltestprocedureswerebasedonNationalTestCodeofAgriculturalMachineryofJapanorAsiaandthePacificRegionalNetworkforAgriculturalMachinery(RNAM)testcodes.2.2MethodsofanalysisEffectivefieldcapacityistheactualrateoflandorcropprocessedingiventime.Workcapacityisreciprocaltoeffectivefieldcapacity.ThefollowingformulaappliesEFC=AöT(1)where,EFCiseffectivefieldcapacity,hm2öh;Aisfieldarea,hm2;Tistotaltimerequiredinafarmwork,h.Dailycapacityisexpressedthevalueonafarmworkbyseveralsetsofmachineswithoperatorsinseveralfieldblockswithinaday.Inmanualfarmwork,thevalueofdailycapacityisexpre